{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:09:41Z","timestamp":1793394581494,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To estimate the prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients and to investigate demographic and skeletal factors associated with this disharmony.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Cone-beam computed tomography images of 1178 individuals aged 19 through 60 years with complete dentitions were analyzed. Outcomes were classified as relative mandibular symmetry, moderate asymmetry, and severe asymmetry. Factors recorded included sex, age, side of mandibular deviation, sagittal jaw relationship, vertical skeletal pattern, angle of the cranial base, and maxillary asymmetry. Ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate simple and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for the individuals with moderate and severe mandibular asymmetry, as well as 95% confidence intervals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Prevalence values of 55.2%, 27.2%, and 17.6% were observed for relative mandibular symmetry, moderate asymmetry, and severe asymmetry, respectively. An independent association with the side of mandibular deviation and the presence of maxillary asymmetry was observed, both for subjects with moderate mandibular asymmetry (left side: OR = 1.50; 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.24 \/ maxillary asymmetry: OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.11\u20133.76) and for those with severe asymmetry (left side: OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.27\u20133.44 \/ maxillary asymmetry: OR = 4.93; 95% CI: 2.64\u20139.20).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Moderate and severe mandibular asymmetries were present in 44.8% of the sample, being associated with the side of mandibular deviation and with maxillary asymmetry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/111517-785.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,18]],"date-time":"2018-04-18T08:20:37Z","timestamp":1524039637000},"page":"545-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mandibular asymmetries and associated factors in orthodontic and orthognathic surgery patients"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Guilherme","family":"Thiesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA; and Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno F.","family":"Gribel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Orthodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Perp\u00e9tua M.","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, RS, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald R.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b01","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"110","article-title":"Facial asymmetry: a current review","volume":"20","author":"Thiesen \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thiesen \n G, \n \n \n Gribel \n BF, \n \n \n Freitas \n MPM. \n \n \n Facial asymmetry: a current review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20:110\u2013125."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina","volume":"12","author":"Severt \n TR,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Severt \n TR, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1997;12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b03","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"138","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries","volume":"4","author":"Sheats \n RD,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheats \n RD, \n \n \n McGorray \n SP, \n \n \n Musmar \n Q, \n \n \n Wheeler \n TT, \n \n \n King \n GJ. \n \n \n Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries. Semin Orthod. 1998;4:138\u2013145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b04","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"280","article-title":"Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment: a current review","volume":"16","author":"Bailey \n LJ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bailey \n LJ, \n \n \n Haltiwanger \n LH, \n \n \n Blakey \n GH, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment: a current review. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001;16:280\u2013292."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"806","article-title":"Spectrum and management of dentofacial deformities in a multiethnic Asian population","volume":"76","author":"Chew \n MT.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chew \n MT. \n \n \n Spectrum and management of dentofacial deformities in a multiethnic Asian population. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:806\u2013809."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b06","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"137","article-title":"Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Piao \n Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piao \n Y, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Yu \n HS, \n \n \n Cha \n JY, \n \n \n Baik \n HS. \n \n \n Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:137\u2013145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal Class III deformity","volume":"72","author":"Haraguchi \n S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haraguchi \n S, \n \n \n Takada \n K, \n \n \n Yasuda \n Y. \n \n \n Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal Class III deformity. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:28\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"421","article-title":"Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients","volume":"78","author":"Haraguchi \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haraguchi \n S, \n \n \n Iguchi \n Y, \n \n \n Takada \n K. \n \n \n Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:421\u2013426."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"236","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in growing patients","volume":"33","author":"Ramirez-Ya\u00f1ez \n GO,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramirez-Ya\u00f1ez \n GO, \n \n \n Stewart \n A, \n \n \n Franken \n E, \n \n \n Campos \n K. \n \n \n Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in growing patients. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:236\u2013242."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b10","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e199","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of mandibular asymmetry in an adult population","volume":"28","author":"Thiesen \n G,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thiesen \n G, \n \n \n Gribel \n BF, \n \n \n Kim \n KB, \n \n \n Pereira \n KCR, \n \n \n Freitas \n MPM. \n \n \n Prevalence and associated factors of mandibular asymmetry in an adult population. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28:e199\u2013e203."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"609","article-title":"Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"131","author":"Masuoka \n N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masuoka \n N, \n \n \n Muramatsu \n A, \n \n \n Ariji \n Y, \n \n \n Nawa \n H, \n \n \n Goto \n S, \n \n \n Ariji \n E. \n \n \n Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;131:609\u2013613."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b12","series-title":"Am J Med Genet","first-page":"292","article-title":"Asymmetry: molecular, biologic, embryopathic, and clinical perspectives","volume":"101","author":"Cohen \n MM\n Jr.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cohen \n MM\n Jr. \n \n \n Asymmetry: molecular, biologic, embryopathic, and clinical perspectives. Am J Med Genet. 2001;101:292\u2013314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b13","series-title":"Evidence based guidelines 2012","article-title":"Radiation protection no. 172: cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology","unstructured":"SEDENTEXCT project. Radiation protection no. 172: cone beam CT for dental and maxillofacial radiology. Evidence based guidelines 2012. Available at: http:\/\/www.sedentexct.eu\/content\/guidelines-cbct-dental-and-maxillofacial-radiology. Accessed September 10, 2017."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b14","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol","first-page":"238","article-title":"Clinical recommendations regarding use of cone beam computed tomography in orthodontic treatment","volume":"116","year":"2013","unstructured":"American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Clinical recommendations regarding use of cone beam computed tomography in orthodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116:238\u2013257."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"330","article-title":"Morphologic relationship between the cranial base and the mandible in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism","volume":"144","author":"Kim \n SJ,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Lee \n KJ, \n \n \n Lee \n SH, \n \n \n Baik \n HS. \n \n \n Morphologic relationship between the cranial base and the mandible in patients with facial asymmetry and mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;144:330\u2013340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b16","series-title":"Oral Surg, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"628","article-title":"Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography","volume":"104","author":"Baek \n SH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baek \n SH, \n \n \n Cho \n IS, \n \n \n Chang \n YI, \n \n \n Kim \n MJ. \n \n \n Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography. Oral Surg, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104:628\u2013639."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Tweed \n C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Tweed \n C. \n \n \n The Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis. Angle Orthod. 1954;24:121\u2013169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"330","article-title":"A foundation for cephalometric communication","volume":"46","author":"Ricketts \n RM.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ricketts \n RM. \n \n \n A foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod. 1960;46:330\u2013357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: A follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n Cranial base development: A follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:198\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b20","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"285","article-title":"A three-dimensional comparison of a morphometric and conventional cephalometric midsagittal planes for craniofacial asymmetry","volume":"16","author":"Damstra \n J,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damstra \n J, \n \n \n Fourie \n Z, \n \n \n De Wit \n M, \n \n \n Ren \n Y. \n \n \n A three-dimensional comparison of a morphometric and conventional cephalometric midsagittal planes for craniofacial asymmetry. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:285\u2013294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b21","series-title":"Biostatistics in Orthodontics: Design, Analysis, Reporting and Synthesis of Clinical Studies","author":"Pandis \n N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pandis \n N. \n \n \n Biostatistics in Orthodontics: Design, Analysis, Reporting and Synthesis of Clinical Studies. Bern, Switzerland: Zahnmedizinische Kliniken der Universit\u00e4t Bern;2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"97","article-title":"A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry","volume":"28","author":"Good \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Good \n S, \n \n \n Edler \n R, \n \n \n Wertheim \n D, \n \n \n Greenhill \n D. \n \n \n A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:97\u2013102."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study","volume":"86","author":"Celik \n S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celik \n S, \n \n \n Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Sekerci \n AE. \n \n \n Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:271\u2013277."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b24","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"43","article-title":"A comparison of craniofacial morphology in patients with and without facial asymmetry\u2013a three-dimensional analysis with computed tomography","volume":"35","author":"Kwon \n TG,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kwon \n TG, \n \n \n Park \n HS, \n \n \n Ryoo \n HM, \n \n \n Lee \n SH. \n \n \n A comparison of craniofacial morphology in patients with and without facial asymmetry\u2013a three-dimensional analysis with computed tomography. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35:43\u201348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b01","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"110","article-title":"Facial asymmetry: a current review","volume":"20","author":"Thiesen \n G,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thiesen \n G, \n \n \n Gribel \n BF, \n \n \n Freitas \n MPM. \n \n \n Facial asymmetry: a current review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2015;20:110\u2013125."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b02","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina","volume":"12","author":"Severt \n TR,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Severt \n TR, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1997;12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b03","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"138","article-title":"Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries","volume":"4","author":"Sheats \n RD,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sheats \n RD, \n \n \n McGorray \n SP, \n \n \n Musmar \n Q, \n \n \n Wheeler \n TT, \n \n \n King \n GJ. \n \n \n Prevalence of orthodontic asymmetries. Semin Orthod. 1998;4:138\u2013145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b04","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"280","article-title":"Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment: a current review","volume":"16","author":"Bailey \n LJ,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bailey \n LJ, \n \n \n Haltiwanger \n LH, \n \n \n Blakey \n GH, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment: a current review. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2001;16:280\u2013292."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"806","article-title":"Spectrum and management of dentofacial deformities in a multiethnic Asian population","volume":"76","author":"Chew \n MT.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chew \n MT. \n \n \n Spectrum and management of dentofacial deformities in a multiethnic Asian population. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:806\u2013809."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b06","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"137","article-title":"Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Piao \n Y,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piao \n Y, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Yu \n HS, \n \n \n Cha \n JY, \n \n \n Baik \n HS. \n \n \n Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:137\u2013145."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"28","article-title":"Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal Class III deformity","volume":"72","author":"Haraguchi \n S,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Haraguchi \n S, \n \n \n Takada \n K, \n \n \n Yasuda \n Y. \n \n \n Facial asymmetry in subjects with skeletal Class III deformity. Angle Orthod. 2002;72:28\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"421","article-title":"Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients","volume":"78","author":"Haraguchi \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haraguchi \n S, \n \n \n Iguchi \n Y, \n \n \n Takada \n K. \n \n \n Asymmetry of the face in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:421\u2013426."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"236","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in growing patients","volume":"33","author":"Ramirez-Ya\u00f1ez \n GO,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramirez-Ya\u00f1ez \n GO, \n \n \n Stewart \n A, \n \n \n Franken \n E, \n \n \n Campos \n K. \n \n \n Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in growing patients. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:236\u2013242."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b10","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"e199","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of mandibular asymmetry in an adult population","volume":"28","author":"Thiesen \n G,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thiesen \n G, \n \n \n Gribel \n BF, \n \n \n Kim \n KB, \n \n \n Pereira \n KCR, \n \n \n Freitas \n MPM. \n \n \n Prevalence and associated factors of mandibular asymmetry in an adult population. J Craniofac Surg. 2017;28:e199\u2013e203."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"609","article-title":"Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"131","author":"Masuoka \n N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masuoka \n N, \n \n \n Muramatsu \n A, \n \n \n Ariji \n Y, \n \n \n Nawa \n H, \n \n \n Goto \n S, \n \n \n Ariji \n E. \n \n \n Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2007;131:609\u2013613."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b12","series-title":"Am J Med Genet","first-page":"292","article-title":"Asymmetry: molecular, biologic, embryopathic, and clinical perspectives","volume":"101","author":"Cohen \n MM\n Jr.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Cohen \n MM\n Jr. \n \n \n Asymmetry: molecular, biologic, embryopathic, and clinical perspectives. 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Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2013;144:330\u2013340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b16","series-title":"Oral Surg, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"628","article-title":"Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography","volume":"104","author":"Baek \n SH,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baek \n SH, \n \n \n Cho \n IS, \n \n \n Chang \n YI, \n \n \n Kim \n MJ. \n \n \n Skeletodental factors affecting chin point deviation in female patients with class III malocclusion and facial asymmetry: a three-dimensional analysis using computed tomography. Oral Surg, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104:628\u2013639."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"The Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis","volume":"24","author":"Tweed \n C.","year":"1954","unstructured":"Tweed \n C. \n \n \n The Frankfort-Mandibular Incisor Angle (FMIA) in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis. Angle Orthod. 1954;24:121\u2013169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"330","article-title":"A foundation for cephalometric communication","volume":"46","author":"Ricketts \n RM.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Ricketts \n RM. \n \n \n A foundation for cephalometric communication. Am J Orthod. 1960;46:330\u2013357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"198","article-title":"Cranial base development: A follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development","volume":"41","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1955","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n Cranial base development: A follow-up x-ray study of the individual variation in growth occurring between the ages of 12 and 20 years and its relation to brain case and face development. Am J Orthod. 1955;41:198\u2013225."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b20","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"285","article-title":"A three-dimensional comparison of a morphometric and conventional cephalometric midsagittal planes for craniofacial asymmetry","volume":"16","author":"Damstra \n J,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Damstra \n J, \n \n \n Fourie \n Z, \n \n \n De Wit \n M, \n \n \n Ren \n Y. \n \n \n A three-dimensional comparison of a morphometric and conventional cephalometric midsagittal planes for craniofacial asymmetry. Clin Oral Investig. 2012;16:285\u2013294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b21","series-title":"Biostatistics in Orthodontics: Design, Analysis, Reporting and Synthesis of Clinical Studies","author":"Pandis \n N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pandis \n N. \n \n \n Biostatistics in Orthodontics: Design, Analysis, Reporting and Synthesis of Clinical Studies. Bern, Switzerland: Zahnmedizinische Kliniken der Universit\u00e4t Bern;2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b22","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"97","article-title":"A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry","volume":"28","author":"Good \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Good \n S, \n \n \n Edler \n R, \n \n \n Wertheim \n D, \n \n \n Greenhill \n D. \n \n \n A computerized photographic assessment of the relationship between skeletal discrepancy and mandibular outline asymmetry. Eur J Orthod. 2006;28:97\u2013102."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-545-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"271","article-title":"Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study","volume":"86","author":"Celik \n S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celik \n S, \n \n \n Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Sekerci \n AE. \n \n \n Mandibular vertical asymmetry in adult orthodontic patients with different vertical growth patterns: A cone beam computed tomography study. 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