{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:52:09Z","timestamp":1787025129769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether a visual classification of anterior malar support using vector relationships is supported by cephalometric analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty white subjects between the ages of 10 and 12\u00a0years, without craniofacial syndromes or previous orthodontic treatment, were equally divided into groups based on visual assessment of negative and positive vector relationships. Group A comprised 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) exhibiting a positive vector relationship. Group B comprised 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) displaying a negative vector relationship. Sella-nasion-orbitale (SNO) angulations were measured to evaluate the subjects' anteroposterior position of the malar eminence relative to the cranial base. Gender differences and significant differences in SNO measurements between groups A and B were assessed with Mann-Whitney\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was no statistically significant difference between genders. SNO angulations in the negative vector group were smaller than the positive vector controls by an average of 6.0 degrees, and the difference was highly significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with subjects exhibiting a positive vector relationship, individuals displaying a negative vector relationship had significantly reduced malar support. Anterior malar projection can be effectively classified through visual assessment of vector relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/111612-881.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,7]],"date-time":"2013-02-07T09:02:00Z","timestamp":1360227720000},"page":"790-794","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["New diagnostic tenet of the esthetic midface for clinical assessment of anterior malar projection"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Frey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontic Resident, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Colorado University, Aurora, Colo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity","volume":"116","author":"Arnett\n              G,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G, \n            \n              Jelic\n              J, \n            \n              Kim\n              J, \n            \n              Cummings\n              D. \n          \n          Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:239\u2013253."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part I","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n              G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G. \n          \n          Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part I. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:299\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part II","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n              G,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G, \n            \n              Bergman\n              R. \n          \n          Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part II. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:395\u2013411."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b04","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Infraorbital rim augmentation","volume":"107","author":"Yaremchuk\n              M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yaremchuk\n              M. \n          \n          Infraorbital rim augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:1585\u20131592."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b05","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"183","article-title":"The influence of orbital and eyelid anatomy on the palpebral aperture","volume":"18","author":"Jelks\n              G.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jelks\n              G. \n          \n          The influence of orbital and eyelid anatomy on the palpebral aperture. Clin Plast Surg. 1991;18:183\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b06","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed","author":"Farkas\n              LG.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas\n              LG. \n          \n          Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press. 1994."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b07","series-title":"J Oral Surg","first-page":"21","article-title":"A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level","volume":"35","author":"Leonard\n              M,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Leonard\n              M, \n            \n              Walker\n              G. \n          \n          A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:21\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"221","article-title":"A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth","volume":"61","author":"Walker\n              GF.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Walker\n              GF. \n          \n          A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1972;61:221\u2013230."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b09","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"700","article-title":"The concept of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship in craniofacial surgery","volume":"97","author":"Mulliken\n              JB,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mulliken\n              JB, \n            \n              Godwin\n              SL, \n            \n              Pracharktam\n              N, \n            \n              Altobelli\n              DE. \n          \n          The concept of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship in craniofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:700\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"111","article-title":"The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification","volume":"60","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Frantz\n              RC. \n          \n          The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1971;60:111\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b11","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"419","article-title":"The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis: Crouzon's and Apert's diseases","volume":"48","author":"Tessier\n              P.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tessier\n              P. \n          \n          The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis: Crouzon's and Apert's diseases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971;48:419\u2013442."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b12","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Making concave faces convex","volume":"29","author":"Yaremchuk\n              MJ.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yaremchuk\n              MJ. \n          \n          Making concave faces convex. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2005;29:141\u2013147."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"244","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the effects of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the face","volume":"121","author":"Ismail\n              SFH,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ismail\n              SFH, \n            \n              Moss\n              JP, \n            \n              Hennessy\n              R. \n          \n          Three-dimensional assessment of the effects of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the face. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121:244\u2013256."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b14","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"479","article-title":"An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros's Theory by three-dimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, scleral show, and the lateral suborbital trough deformity","volume":"106","author":"Pessa\n              J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pessa\n              J. \n          \n          An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros's Theory by three-dimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, scleral show, and the lateral suborbital trough deformity. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:577\u2013581."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"790","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"140","author":"Nguyen\n              T,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen\n              T, \n            \n              Cevidanes\n              L, \n            \n              Cornelis\n              M. \n          \n          Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:790\u2013798."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"239","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity","volume":"116","author":"Arnett\n              G,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G, \n            \n              Jelic\n              J, \n            \n              Kim\n              J, \n            \n              Cummings\n              D. \n          \n          Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:239\u2013253."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"299","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part I","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n              G.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G. \n          \n          Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part I. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103:299\u2013312."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"395","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part II","volume":"103","author":"Arnett\n              G,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Arnett\n              G, \n            \n              Bergman\n              R. \n          \n          Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, part II. 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Clin Plast Surg. 1991;18:183\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b06","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed","author":"Farkas\n              LG.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas\n              LG. \n          \n          Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press. 1994."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b07","series-title":"J Oral Surg","first-page":"21","article-title":"A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level","volume":"35","author":"Leonard\n              M,","year":"1977","unstructured":"Leonard\n              M, \n            \n              Walker\n              G. \n          \n          A cephalometric guide to the diagnosis of midface hypoplasia at the Le Fort II level. J Oral Surg. 1977;35:21\u201324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"221","article-title":"A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth","volume":"61","author":"Walker\n              GF.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Walker\n              GF. \n          \n          A new approach to the analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1972;61:221\u2013230."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b09","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"700","article-title":"The concept of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship in craniofacial surgery","volume":"97","author":"Mulliken\n              JB,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mulliken\n              JB, \n            \n              Godwin\n              SL, \n            \n              Pracharktam\n              N, \n            \n              Altobelli\n              DE. \n          \n          The concept of the sagittal orbital-globe relationship in craniofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:700\u2013706."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"111","article-title":"The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification","volume":"60","author":"Baumrind\n              S,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baumrind\n              S, \n            \n              Frantz\n              RC. \n          \n          The reliability of head film measurements. 1. Landmark identification. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1971;60:111\u2013127."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b11","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"419","article-title":"The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis: Crouzon's and Apert's diseases","volume":"48","author":"Tessier\n              P.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Tessier\n              P. \n          \n          The definitive plastic surgical treatment of the severe facial deformities of craniofacial dysostosis: Crouzon's and Apert's diseases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1971;48:419\u2013442."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b12","series-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg","first-page":"141","article-title":"Making concave faces convex","volume":"29","author":"Yaremchuk\n              MJ.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yaremchuk\n              MJ. \n          \n          Making concave faces convex. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2005;29:141\u2013147."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"244","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the effects of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the face","volume":"121","author":"Ismail\n              SFH,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ismail\n              SFH, \n            \n              Moss\n              JP, \n            \n              Hennessy\n              R. \n          \n          Three-dimensional assessment of the effects of extraction and nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the face. 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Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106:479\u2013488."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"577","article-title":"Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated class III patients","volume":"138","author":"De Clerck\n              H,","year":"2010","unstructured":"De Clerck\n              H, \n            \n              Cevidanes\n              L, \n            \n              Baccetti\n              T. \n          \n          Dentofacial effects of bone-anchored maxillary protraction: a controlled study of consecutively treated class III patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:577\u2013581."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-790-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"790","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction","volume":"140","author":"Nguyen\n              T,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nguyen\n              T, \n            \n              Cevidanes\n              L, \n            \n              Cornelis\n              M. \n          \n          Three-dimensional assessment of maxillary changes associated with bone anchored maxillary protraction. 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