{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:41:08Z","timestamp":1790772068910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between craniofacial measurements of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and normal controls.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>A cephalometric analysis including additional landmarks and measurements to study specific craniofacial features was undertaken on pretreatment cephalograms of 25 patients with DS (12 male, 13 female; mean age 15.1\u00a0years) treated at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Measurements were compared with those from cephalograms of racial groups age and gender matched, normal, Class I children, available from the Burlington Growth Center. Data were analyzed using paired <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-tests.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Large reductions were measured in the size and spatial relationships of craniofacial structures in the DS group. The greatest differences included a larger cranial base angle; reduced elevation of sella from FHP; reduced anterior and posterior cranial base lengths; reduced anterior and posterior face heights; smaller maxilla with reduced anterior basal and apical dimensions; and smaller mandibular ramus, body and symphyseal dimensions and proclined symphysis. Maxillary incisors were severely proclined and undererupted, while mandibular incisors were undererupted. Alveolar heights were reduced. Anterior open bite was frequently noted. Maxillary and mandibular planes exhibited forward rotation patterns, promoting overclosure. Mandibular hypoplasia was less severe than cranial base and maxillary hypoplasia. Hypodontia of one or more permanent teeth was found in 92% of the sample.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>\n        <jats:sec>\n          <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The null hypothesis was rejected. Significant hypoplasia in endochondral, mesodermal, and ectomesenchymal derived structures of the cranium and face in subjects with DS was clearly evident. More severe platybasia than previously reported was found.<\/jats:p>\n        <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/111709-650.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,25]],"date-time":"2010-06-25T19:52:36Z","timestamp":1277495556000},"page":"861-869","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Cranial base, maxillary and mandibular morphology in Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Sunjay","family":"Suri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryan D.","family":"Tompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Cornfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b01","series-title":"Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 4th ed","first-page":"35","author":"Gorlin, R. J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gorlin, R. J., M. M.Cohen, and L. S.Levin. Syndromes of the Head and Neck. 4th ed. New York, NYOxford University Press. 2001. 35\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b02","series-title":"London Hosp Rep","first-page":"259","article-title":"Observations on ethnic classification of idiots.","volume":"3","author":"Down, J. L.","year":"1866","unstructured":"Down, J. L.\n          \n          Observations on ethnic classification of idiots.\n          London Hosp Rep\n          1866. 3:259."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b03","series-title":"Cranial Morphology in Down's Syndrome. A Comparative Roentgencephalometric Study in Adult Males","author":"Kisling, E.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Kisling, E.\n          \n          Cranial Morphology in Down's Syndrome. A Comparative Roentgencephalometric Study in Adult Males. Copenhagen, DenmarkMunksgaard. 1966."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"221","article-title":"Craniofacial manifestation of virus-induced mongolism in the hamster and Down's syndrome in man.","volume":"60","author":"Baer, P. N.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Baer, P. N., P. J.Coccaro, M. J.Baer, and L.Kilham. Craniofacial manifestation of virus-induced mongolism in the hamster and Down's syndrome in man.Am J Orthod1971. 60:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b05","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"707","article-title":"Craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome).","volume":"16","author":"Frostad, W. A.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Frostad, W. A., J. F.Cleall, and L. C.Melosky. Craniofacial complex in the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's syndrome).Arch Oral Biol1971. 16:707\u2013722."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"540","article-title":"A quantitative study of the face in Down's syndrome.","volume":"67","author":"Fink, G. B.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Fink, G. B., W. K.Madaus, and G. F.Walker. A quantitative study of the face in Down's syndrome.Am J Orthod1975. 67:540\u2013553."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b07","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"35","article-title":"Craniofacial development in patients with Down's syndrome from birth to 14\u00a0years of age.","volume":"8","author":"Fischer-Brandies, H.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fischer-Brandies, H., R. G.Schmid, and E.Fischer-Brandies. Craniofacial development in patients with Down's syndrome from birth to 14\u00a0years of age.Eur J Orthod1986. 8:35\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"255","article-title":"Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome.","volume":"10","author":"Fischer-Brandies, H.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Fischer-Brandies, H.\n          \n          Cephalometric comparison between children with and without Down's syndrome.\n          Eur J Orthod\n          1988. 10:255\u2013263."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b09","series-title":"Pediatr Radiol","first-page":"635","article-title":"Cephalometrics in children with Down's syndrome.","volume":"32","author":"Quintanilla, J. S.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Quintanilla, J. S., B. M.Biedma, M. Q.Rodriguez, M. T.Mora, M. M.Cunqueiro, and M. A.Pazos. Cephalometrics in children with Down's syndrome.Pediatr Radiol2002. 32:635\u2013643."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b10","series-title":"Spec Care Dentist","first-page":"198","article-title":"Analysis of orthodontic anomalies in mentally retarded developmentally disabled (MRDD) persons.","volume":"14","author":"Vittek, J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Vittek, J., S.Winik, A.Winik, C.Sioris, A. M.Tarangelo, and M.Chou. Analysis of orthodontic anomalies in mentally retarded developmentally disabled (MRDD) persons.Spec Care Dentist1994. 14:198\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b11","series-title":"ASDC J Dent Child","first-page":"64","article-title":"Mandibular and dental development subsequent to thyroid therapy in a boy with Down syndrome.","volume":"58","author":"Reuland-Bosma, W.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Reuland-Bosma, W. and J. M.Dibbets. Mandibular and dental development subsequent to thyroid therapy in a boy with Down syndrome.ASDC J Dent Child1991. 58:64\u201368."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b12","series-title":"Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac","first-page":"234","article-title":"Cephalometric study of the cranial base in 133 cases of Down's syndrome.","volume":"86","author":"Alonso Tosso, A.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Alonso Tosso, A., L.Naval Gias, G.Hernandez Vallejo, and M.Lucas Tomas. Cephalometric study of the cranial base in 133 cases of Down's syndrome.Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac1985. 86:234\u2013240."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b13","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"62","article-title":"The cranium in mongolism.","volume":"42","author":"Roche, A. F.","year":"1966","unstructured":"Roche, A. F.\n          \n          The cranium in mongolism.\n          Acta Neurol Scand\n          1966. 42:62\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b14","series-title":"Can Med Assoc J","first-page":"567","article-title":"A study of the abnormalities of the skull, teeth and lenses in mongolism.","volume":"84","author":"Spitzer, R.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Spitzer, R., J. Y.Rabinowitch, and K. C.Wybar. A study of the abnormalities of the skull, teeth and lenses in mongolism.Can Med Assoc J1961. 84:567\u2013572."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"37","article-title":"Mandibular morphology and growth with and without hypodontia in Pierre Robin sequence.","volume":"130","author":"Suri, S.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suri, S., R. B.Ross, and B.Tompson. Mandibular morphology and growth with and without hypodontia in Pierre Robin sequence.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2006. 130:37\u201346."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Facial development in mongolism.","volume":"37","author":"Gosman, S. D.","year":"1951","unstructured":"Gosman, S. D. and N. J.Vineland. Facial development in mongolism.Am J Orthod1951. 37:332\u2013349."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b17","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"220","article-title":"The prenatal development of the human cerebellar field in Down syndrome.","volume":"6","author":"Lomholt, J. F.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lomholt, J. F., J. W.Keeling, B. F.Hansen, T.Ono, K.Stoltze, and I.Kjaer. The prenatal development of the human cerebellar field in Down syndrome.Orthod Craniofac Res2003. 6:220\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"729","article-title":"Cranial base growth in patients with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study.","volume":"133","author":"Alio, J. J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Alio, J. J., J.Lorenzo, and C.Iglesias. Cranial base growth in patients with Down syndrome: a longitudinal study.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2008. 133:729\u2013737."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b19","series-title":"Biol Neonate","first-page":"319","article-title":"Prenatal development of malformed fetuses at 28\u201342\u00a0weeks of gestational age (Anencephalus, hydrocephalus, Down's syndrome, cleft lip and palate and hypospadias). II. Length gains.","volume":"22","author":"Kuclera, J.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Kuclera, J. and V.Dolezalov\u00e1. Prenatal development of malformed fetuses at 28\u201342\u00a0weeks of gestational age (Anencephalus, hydrocephalus, Down's syndrome, cleft lip and palate and hypospadias). II. Length gains.Biol Neonate1973. 22:319\u2013324."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b20","series-title":"Nervenarzt","first-page":"340","article-title":"On the disorders of the development mechanism of the skull in mongolism and other constitutional abnormalities [in German].","volume":"31","author":"Schiffer, K. H.","year":"1960","unstructured":"Schiffer, K. H. and H.Strubel. On the disorders of the development mechanism of the skull in mongolism and other constitutional abnormalities [in German].Nervenarzt1960. 31:340\u2013351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b21","series-title":"Am J Pathol","first-page":"71","article-title":"Growth disorder of the skull in mongolism.","volume":"16","author":"Benda, C. E.","year":"1940","unstructured":"Benda, C. E.\n          \n          Growth disorder of the skull in mongolism.\n          Am J Pathol\n          1940. 16:71\u201386."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b22","series-title":"Ortod Esp","first-page":"223","article-title":"Estudio de la morfolog\u00eda craneofacial en el s\u00edndrome de Down.","volume":"33","author":"Menendez, M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Menendez, M., J. A.Alarcon, and E.Gonzalez. Estudio de la morfolog\u00eda craneofacial en el s\u00edndrome de Down.Ortod Esp1992. 33:223\u2013232."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b23","series-title":"Ment Retard","first-page":"24","article-title":"Skull base abnormalities in Down's syndrome.","volume":"13","author":"Michejda, M.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Michejda, M. and F. J.Menolascino. Skull base abnormalities in Down's syndrome.Ment Retard1975. 13:24\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b24","series-title":"J Anat","first-page":"394","article-title":"Effects of aneuploidy on skull growth in a mouse model of Down syndrome.","volume":"210","author":"Hill, C. A.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hill, C. A., R. H.Reeves, and J. T.Richtsmeier. Effects of aneuploidy on skull growth in a mouse model of Down syndrome.J Anat2007. 210:394\u2013405."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b25","series-title":"Craniofacial Embryology. 4th ed","author":"Sperber, G. H.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sperber, G. H.\n          \n          Craniofacial Embryology. 4th ed. Cambridge, UKButterworths. 1989."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b26","series-title":"Am J Med Genet","first-page":"183","article-title":"Postnatal structure of the sella turcica in Down syndrome.","volume":"87","author":"Russell, B. G.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Russell, B. G. and I.Kjaer. Postnatal structure of the sella turcica in Down syndrome.Am J Med Genet1999. 87:183\u2013188."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b27","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"857","article-title":"Atlantoaxial instability in individuals with Down syndrome: a fresh look at the evidence.","volume":"81","author":"Davidson, R. G.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Davidson, R. G.\n          \n          Atlantoaxial instability in individuals with Down syndrome: a fresh look at the evidence.\n          Pediatrics\n          1988. 81:857\u2013859."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b28","series-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Atlantooccipital instability in Down syndrome.","volume":"146","author":"Rosenbaum, D. M.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, D. M., J. D.Blumhagen, and H. A.King. Atlantooccipital instability in Down syndrome.AJR Am J Roentgenol1986. 146:1269\u20131272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b29","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"85","article-title":"Orthodontic considerations in individual with Down syndrome. A case report.","volume":"69","author":"Desai, S. S.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Desai, S. S. and T. J.Flanagan. Orthodontic considerations in individual with Down syndrome. A case report.Angle Orthod1999. 69:85\u201388."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b30","series-title":"Orthodontic Dialogue","first-page":"1","article-title":"Orthodontic care for children with special needs.","volume":"13","author":"Suri, S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suri, S.\n          \n          Orthodontic care for children with special needs.\n          Orthodontic Dialogue\n          2001. 13:1\u20135."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b31","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"290","article-title":"Orthognathic treatment for a patient with Class III malocclusion and surgically restricted mandible.","volume":"136","author":"Janson, M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Janson, M., G.Janson, E.Sant'Ana, D.Tibola, and D. R.Martins. Orthognathic treatment for a patient with Class III malocclusion and surgically restricted mandible.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop2009. 136:290\u2013298."},{"key":"i0003-3219-80-5-861-b32","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"734","article-title":"Orthodontic intervention and patients with Down syndrome.","volume":"74","author":"Musich, D. R.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Musich, D. R.\n          \n          Orthodontic intervention and patients with Down syndrome.\n          Angle Orthod\n          2006. 74:734\u2013745."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/80\/5\/article-p861.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/80\/5\/article-p861.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/80\/5\/article-p861.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:51:57Z","timestamp":1747356717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/80\/5\/article-p861.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/111709-650.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}