{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T18:00:12Z","timestamp":1783533612042,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate discrepancies in results of facial asymmetry analysis using different cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image reorientation methods and the effectiveness of soft tissue as a reorientation reference for analysis of facial asymmetry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n An asymmetric group of 30 patients with 4\u00a0mm or more of chin point (menton [Me]) deviation and a symmetric group of 30 patients with less than 4\u00a0mm of deviation of Me were chosen as study subjects. Three orientation methods were used to calculate and compare Me deviation values of the 60 subjects. Two methods used only skeletal landmarks for reference, and one method included the soft tissue landmarks around the eye. Preferences of an expert group for the facial midline as determined by each reorientation method were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The examinations showed significant discrepancies in Me deviation values between the three reorientation methods. The expert group showed the greatest preference for the facial midline reorientation method that incorporated soft tissue landmarks of the eye.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n These study findings suggest that the inclusion of soft tissue landmarks, especially those around the eyes, is effective for three-dimensional CBCT image reorientation for facial asymmetry analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/112112-890.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,11]],"date-time":"2013-06-11T14:16:05Z","timestamp":1370960165000},"page":"38-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomographic image reorientation using soft tissues as reference for facial asymmetry diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Jae-Kyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pil-Kyo","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheol-Hyun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Department Chair, Department of Orthodontics, Gachon Medical School, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b01","series-title":"Ann Rev Psychol","first-page":"199","article-title":"The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty","volume":"57","author":"Rhodes\n G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rhodes\n G. \n \n The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Ann Rev Psychol. 2006;57:199\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces","volume":"61","author":"Peck\n S,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peck\n S, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:43\u201348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"327","article-title":"The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application","volume":"94","author":"Grayson\n B,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Grayson\n B, \n \n Cutting\n C, \n \n Bookstein\n FL, \n \n Kim\n H, \n \n McCarthy\n JG. \n \n The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:327\u2013337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"448","article-title":"A frontal asymmetry analysis","volume":"21","author":"Grummons\n DC,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grummons\n DC, \n \n Kappeyne van de Coppello\n MA. \n \n A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod. 1987;21:448\u2013465."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correction of frontal dimensions from head x-rays","volume":"37","author":"Vogel\n C.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Vogel\n C. \n \n Correction of frontal dimensions from head x-rays. Angle Orthod. 1967;37:1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b06","series-title":"Science and Practice of Occlusion","first-page":"349","author":"Hatcher\n DC.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hatcher\n DC. \n \n Science and Practice of Occlusion. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 1997:349\u2013364."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines","volume":"123","author":"Trpkova\n B,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trpkova\n B, \n \n Prasad\n NG, \n \n Lam\n EW, \n \n Raboud\n D, \n \n Glover\n KE, \n \n Major\n PW. \n \n Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:167\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b11","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"163","article-title":"Comparison of asymmetric degree between maxillofacial hard and soft tissue in facial asymmetric subjects using three-dimensional computed tomography","volume":"35","author":"Kim\n WS,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim\n WS, \n \n Lee\n KH, \n \n Hwang\n HS. \n \n Comparison of asymmetric degree between maxillofacial hard and soft tissue in facial asymmetric subjects using three-dimensional computed tomography. Korean J Orthod. 2005;35:163\u2013173."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"609","article-title":"Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"131","author":"Masuoka\n N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masuoka\n N, \n \n Muramatsu\n A, \n \n Ariji\n Y, \n \n Nawa\n H, \n \n Goto\n S, \n \n Ariji\n E. \n \n Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:609\u2013613."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"45","article-title":"A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent\n BH.","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent\n BH. \n \n A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. 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Angle Orthod. 1981;51:70\u201377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b18","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"158","article-title":"Face perception in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and patients with severe Class III malocclusion compared to controls","volume":"39","author":"Meyer-Marcotty\n P,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meyer-Marcotty\n P, \n \n Kochel\n J, \n \n Boehm\n H, \n \n Linz\n C, \n \n Klammert\n U, \n \n Stellzig-Eisenhauer\n A. \n \n Face perception in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate and patients with severe Class III malocclusion compared to controls. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;39:158\u2013163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b19","series-title":"lnt J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina","volume":"12","author":"Severt\n TR,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Severt\n TR, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. lnt J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1997;12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b20","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed","first-page":"103","author":"Farkas\n LG.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas\n LG. \n \n Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed. 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Angle Orthod. 1995;65:233\u2013239."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b01","series-title":"Ann Rev Psychol","first-page":"199","article-title":"The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty","volume":"57","author":"Rhodes\n G.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rhodes\n G. \n \n The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty. Ann Rev Psychol. 2006;57:199\u2013226."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces","volume":"61","author":"Peck\n S,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Peck\n S, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Skeletal asymmetry in esthetically pleasing faces. Angle Orthod. 1991;61:43\u201348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"327","article-title":"The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application","volume":"94","author":"Grayson\n B,","year":"1988","unstructured":"Grayson\n B, \n \n Cutting\n C, \n \n Bookstein\n FL, \n \n Kim\n H, \n \n McCarthy\n JG. \n \n The three-dimensional cephalogram: theory, technique, and clinical application. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94:327\u2013337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"448","article-title":"A frontal asymmetry analysis","volume":"21","author":"Grummons\n DC,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Grummons\n DC, \n \n Kappeyne van de Coppello\n MA. \n \n A frontal asymmetry analysis. J Clin Orthod. 1987;21:448\u2013465."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Correction of frontal dimensions from head x-rays","volume":"37","author":"Vogel\n C.","year":"1967","unstructured":"Vogel\n C. \n \n Correction of frontal dimensions from head x-rays. Angle Orthod. 1967;37:1\u20138."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b06","series-title":"Science and Practice of Occlusion","first-page":"349","author":"Hatcher\n DC.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hatcher\n DC. \n \n Science and Practice of Occlusion. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 1997:349\u2013364."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines","volume":"123","author":"Trpkova\n B,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Trpkova\n B, \n \n Prasad\n NG, \n \n Lam\n EW, \n \n Raboud\n D, \n \n Glover\n KE, \n \n Major\n PW. \n \n Assessment of facial asymmetries from posteroanterior cephalograms: validity of reference lines. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:512\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b08","series-title":"Imaging Sci Dent","first-page":"79","article-title":"Determination of midsagittal plane for evaluation of facial asymmetry using three-dimensional computed tomography","volume":"41","author":"Kim\n TY,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim\n TY, \n \n Baik\n JS, \n \n Park\n JY, \n \n Chae\n HS, \n \n Huh\n KH, \n \n Choi\n SC. \n \n Determination of midsagittal plane for evaluation of facial asymmetry using three-dimensional computed tomography. Imaging Sci Dent. 2011;41:79\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b09","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"153","article-title":"Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment","volume":"5","author":"Proffit\n WR,","year":"1990","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR, \n \n Phillips\n C, \n \n Dann C\n IV. \n \n Who seeks surgical-orthodontic treatment? 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Korean J Orthod. 2005;35:163\u2013173."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"609","article-title":"Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry","volume":"131","author":"Masuoka\n N,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Masuoka\n N, \n \n Muramatsu\n A, \n \n Ariji\n Y, \n \n Nawa\n H, \n \n Goto\n S, \n \n Ariji\n E. \n \n Discriminative thresholds of cephalometric indexes in the subjective evaluation of facial asymmetry. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:609\u2013613."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"45","article-title":"A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia","volume":"1","author":"Broadbent\n BH.","year":"1931","unstructured":"Broadbent\n BH. \n \n A new x-ray technique and its application to orthodontia. Angle Orthod. 1931;1:45\u201366."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"651","article-title":"Can cephalometric indices and subjective evaluation be consistent for facial asymmetry","volume":"75","author":"Masuoka\n N,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Masuoka\n N, \n \n Muramatsu\n A, \n \n Ariji\n Y, \n \n Nawa\n H, \n \n Goto\n S, \n \n Ariji\n E. \n \n Can cephalometric indices and subjective evaluation be consistent for facial asymmetry? Angle Orthod. 2005;75:651\u2013655."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b15","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"489","article-title":"Relationship between perception of facial asymmetry and posteroanterior cephalometric measurements","volume":"31","author":"Ahn\n JS,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ahn\n JS, \n \n Hwang\n HS. \n \n Relationship between perception of facial asymmetry and posteroanterior cephalometric measurements. Korean J Orthod. 2001;31:489\u2013498."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"305","article-title":"Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits","volume":"131","author":"Ackerman\n JL,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ackerman\n JL, \n \n Proffit\n WR, \n \n Sarver\n DM, \n \n Ackerman\n MB, \n \n Kean\n MR. \n \n Pitch, roll, and yaw: describing the spatial orientation of dentofacial traits. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:305\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"70","article-title":"Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians. An anthropometrical study","volume":"51","author":"Farkas\n LG,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Farkas\n LG, \n \n Cheung\n G. \n \n Facial asymmetry in healthy North American Caucasians. An anthropometrical study. 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J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2011;39:158\u2013163."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b19","series-title":"lnt J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg","first-page":"171","article-title":"The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina","volume":"12","author":"Severt\n TR,","year":"1997","unstructured":"Severt\n TR, \n \n Proffit\n WR. \n \n The prevalence of facial asymmetry in the dentofacial deformities population at the University of North Carolina. lnt J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 1997;12:171\u2013176."},{"key":"i0003-3219-84-1-38-b20","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed","first-page":"103","author":"Farkas\n LG.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas\n LG. \n \n Anthropometry of the Head and Face. 2nd ed. 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