{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:35:37Z","timestamp":1790166937017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To characterize upper airway volume and morphology in patients with different skeletal patterns of Class II malocclusion compared to Class I.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A total of 197 individuals who had cone-beam computed tomography were allocated into groups according to ANB, SNA, and SNB angles (Class I, Class II maxillary protrusion, Class II mandibular retrusion), each subdivided into hypodivergent, normal, and hyperdivergent. Nasopharynx (NP), oropharynx (OP), and hypopharynx (HP) were assessed with three-dimensional image reconstruction software.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n Intergroup comparison did not detect significant differences in volume and morphology of NP, OP, and HP. The males displayed larger OP and HP volume than the females. Positive correlations between age and NP, OP, HP volume and between craniocervical angle and OP and HP volume were observed. Linear regression analysis detected a tendency for OP and HP volume to increase as maxillary and mandibular length increased.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Upper airway volume and morphology were similar in different skeletal patterns of Class II malocclusion. Actual upper and lower jaw lengths were more closely related to upper airway volume and morphology than the angles that reflected their position relative to the cranial base.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/112117-806.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,19]],"date-time":"2018-09-19T09:49:01Z","timestamp":1537350541000},"page":"93-101","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Three-dimensional study of the upper airway in different skeletal Class II malocclusion patterns"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Fernando C.","family":"Brito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade de Ita\u00fana, Minas Gerais, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel P.","family":"Brunetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Paran\u00e1, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde C. G.","family":"Nojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"269","article-title":"Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA. \n \n \n Influence of respiratory pattern on craniofacial growth. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:269\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer \n D,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer \n D, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LS, \n \n \n Styner \n MA, \n \n \n Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:805\u2013814."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"874","article-title":"The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions","volume":"85","author":"Indriksone \n I,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Indriksone \n I, \n \n \n Jakobsone \n G. \n \n \n The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:5, 874\u2013880."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b04","series-title":"Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed","first-page":"28","author":"Angle, \n EH.","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle, \n EH. \n \n \n Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing; 1907;28\u201359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b05","series-title":"Vistas in Orthodontics","first-page":"85","article-title":"The functional matrix: functional cranial components","author":"Moss \n ML.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Moss \n ML. \n \n \n The functional matrix: functional cranial components. In: BS K, ed. Vistas in Orthodontics. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1962:85\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"491","article-title":"Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology","volume":"17","author":"Kluemper \n GT,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kluemper \n GT, \n \n \n Vig \n PS, \n \n \n Vig \n KW. \n \n \n Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17:491\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e511","article-title":"Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns","volume":"139","author":"El \n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e511\u2013e521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El \n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway form in children with anteroposterior facial patterns","volume":"81","author":"Oh \n KM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oh \n KM, \n \n \n Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LS, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway form in children with anteroposterior facial patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1075\u20131082."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway","volume":"79","author":"Kaygisiz \n E,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaygisiz \n E, \n \n \n Tuncer \n BB, \n \n \n Y\u00fcksel \n S, \n \n \n Tuncer \n C, \n \n \n Yildiz \n C. \n \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:660\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"426","article-title":"Correlation between skeletal changes by maxillary protraction and upper airway dimensions","volume":"81","author":"Lee \n JW,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee \n JW, \n \n \n Park \n KH, \n \n \n Kim \n SH, \n \n \n Park \n YG, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ. \n \n \n Correlation between skeletal changes by maxillary protraction and upper airway dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:426\u2013432."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e161","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway volume in adults with anterior position of the mandible","volume":"140","author":"Hong \n JS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Oh \n KM, \n \n \n Kim \n BR, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway volume in adults with anterior position of the mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:e161\u2013e169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"742","article-title":"Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns","volume":"130","author":"de Freitas \n MR,","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Freitas \n MR, \n \n \n Alcazar \n NMPV, \n \n \n Janson \n G, \n \n \n de Freitas \n KMS, \n \n \n Henriques \n JFC. \n \n \n Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:742\u2013745."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns","volume":"81","author":"Ucar \n FI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ucar \n FI, \n \n \n Uysal \n T. \n \n \n Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:460\u2013468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b15","series-title":"Ortodontia","first-page":"33","author":"Moyers \n RE.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moyers \n RE. \n \n \n Ortodontia. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1991:33\u201363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara \n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara \n C, \n \n \n Nielsen \n I, \n \n \n Huang \n JC, \n \n \n Maki \n K, \n \n \n Miller \n AJ, \n \n \n Hatcher \n D. \n \n \n Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:468\u2013479."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparative analysis of upper airway volume with lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"147","author":"Feng \n X,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Feng \n X, \n \n \n Li \n G, \n \n \n Qu \n Z, \n \n \n Liu \n L, \n \n \n N\u00e4sstr\u00f6m \n K, \n \n \n Shi \n XQ. \n \n \n Comparative analysis of upper airway volume with lateral cephalograms and cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147:197\u2013204."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"519","article-title":"Sample calculations for comparison of 2 means","volume":"141","author":"Pandis \n N.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pandis \n N. \n \n \n Sample calculations for comparison of 2 means. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:519\u2013521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b19","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography definition of the anatomical subregions of the upper airway: a validation study","volume":"42","author":"Guijarro-Mart\u00ednez \n R,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guijarro-Mart\u00ednez \n R, \n \n \n Swennen \n GR. \n \n \n Three-dimensional cone beam computed tomography definition of the anatomical subregions of the upper airway: a validation study. 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Orthod Craniofac Res. 2015;18:1\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b25","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"579","article-title":"The effect of head posture on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS)","volume":"31","author":"Muto \n T,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Muto \n T, \n \n \n Takeda \n S, \n \n \n Kanazawa \n M, \n \n \n Yamazaki \n A, \n \n \n Fujiwara \n Y, \n \n \n Mizoguchi \n I. \n \n \n The effect of head posture on the pharyngeal airway space (PAS). Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31:579\u2013583."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b26","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"411","article-title":"Analysis of factors affecting angle ANB","volume":"85","author":"Hussels \n W,","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hussels \n W, \n \n \n Nanda \n RS. \n \n \n Analysis of factors affecting angle ANB. 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Angle Orthod. 1981;51:269\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"805","article-title":"Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology","volume":"136","author":"Grauer \n D,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Grauer \n D, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LS, \n \n \n Styner \n MA, \n \n \n Ackerman \n JL, \n \n \n Proffit \n WR. \n \n \n Pharyngeal airway volume and shape from cone-beam computed tomography: relationship to facial morphology. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136:805\u2013814."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"874","article-title":"The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions","volume":"85","author":"Indriksone \n I,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Indriksone \n I, \n \n \n Jakobsone \n G. \n \n \n The influence of craniofacial morphology on the upper airway dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:5, 874\u2013880."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b04","series-title":"Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed","first-page":"28","author":"Angle, \n EH.","year":"1907","unstructured":"Angle, \n EH. \n \n \n Malocclusion of the Teeth. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: S.S. White Dental Manufacturing; 1907;28\u201359."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b05","series-title":"Vistas in Orthodontics","first-page":"85","article-title":"The functional matrix: functional cranial components","author":"Moss \n ML.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Moss \n ML. \n \n \n The functional matrix: functional cranial components. In: BS K, ed. Vistas in Orthodontics. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger; 1962:85\u201398."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"491","article-title":"Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology","volume":"17","author":"Kluemper \n GT,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kluemper \n GT, \n \n \n Vig \n PS, \n \n \n Vig \n KW. \n \n \n Nasorespiratory characteristics and craniofacial morphology. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17:491\u2013495."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e511","article-title":"Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns","volume":"139","author":"El \n H,","year":"2011","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n Airway volume for different dentofacial skeletal patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139:e511\u2013e521."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"262","article-title":"An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions","volume":"35","author":"El \n H,","year":"2013","unstructured":"El \n H, \n \n \n Palomo \n JM. \n \n \n An airway study of different maxillary and mandibular sagittal positions. Eur J Orthod. 2013;35:262\u2013270."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b09","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1075","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway form in children with anteroposterior facial patterns","volume":"81","author":"Oh \n KM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oh \n KM, \n \n \n Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Cevidanes \n LS, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway form in children with anteroposterior facial patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:1075\u20131082."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"660","article-title":"Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway","volume":"79","author":"Kaygisiz \n E,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kaygisiz \n E, \n \n \n Tuncer \n BB, \n \n \n Y\u00fcksel \n S, \n \n \n Tuncer \n C, \n \n \n Yildiz \n C. \n \n \n Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:660\u2013667."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"426","article-title":"Correlation between skeletal changes by maxillary protraction and upper airway dimensions","volume":"81","author":"Lee \n JW,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee \n JW, \n \n \n Park \n KH, \n \n \n Kim \n SH, \n \n \n Park \n YG, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ. \n \n \n Correlation between skeletal changes by maxillary protraction and upper airway dimensions. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:426\u2013432."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e161","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway volume in adults with anterior position of the mandible","volume":"140","author":"Hong \n JS,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hong \n JS, \n \n \n Oh \n KM, \n \n \n Kim \n BR, \n \n \n Kim \n YJ, \n \n \n Park \n YH. \n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of pharyngeal airway volume in adults with anterior position of the mandible. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:e161\u2013e169."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"742","article-title":"Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns","volume":"130","author":"de Freitas \n MR,","year":"2006","unstructured":"de Freitas \n MR, \n \n \n Alcazar \n NMPV, \n \n \n Janson \n G, \n \n \n de Freitas \n KMS, \n \n \n Henriques \n JFC. \n \n \n Upper and lower pharyngeal airways in subjects with Class I and Class II malocclusions and different growth patterns. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:742\u2013745."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b14","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"460","article-title":"Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns","volume":"81","author":"Ucar \n FI,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ucar \n FI, \n \n \n Uysal \n T. \n \n \n Orofacial airway dimensions in subjects with Class I malocclusion and different growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:460\u2013468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b15","series-title":"Ortodontia","first-page":"33","author":"Moyers \n RE.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Moyers \n RE. \n \n \n Ortodontia. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 1991:33\u201363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-93-b16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"468","article-title":"Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"135","author":"Aboudara \n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aboudara \n C, \n \n \n Nielsen \n I, \n \n \n Huang \n JC, \n \n \n Maki \n K, \n \n \n Miller \n AJ, \n \n \n Hatcher \n D. \n \n \n Comparison of airway space with conventional lateral headfilms and 3-dimensional reconstruction from cone-beam computed tomography. 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