{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T11:14:12Z","timestamp":1787483652278,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To identify unique characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty (CPP).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This study included 34 Korean girls with idiopathic CPP (mean age, 8.6 \u00b1 .5 years) and 28 normal healthy girls of the same chronological age. An initial evaluation of the growth pattern of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity was conducted by analyzing lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mandibular ramus height (44.4 \u00b1 4.1 mm) and total mandibular length (10.8 \u00b1 4.3 mm) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .004 and .021, respectively) were greater and the lower anterior facial height was lesser (63.2 \u00b1 2.4 mm) (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .040) in the CPP group than in the reference group. In addition, the gonial angle (12.9 \u00b1 6.1\u00b0;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .045) and the mandibular plane angle (34.9 \u00b1 4.8\u00b0;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .012) were smaller in girls with CPP than in normal healthy girls. All the mandibular teeth were more mature in girls with CPP (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). A strong positive correlation was observed between the mandibular tooth formation stages and the presence of CPP in girls (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = .756 to .957;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n CPP had an effect on the anteroposterior growth of the mandible in the craniofacial complex and the rotation of the mandibular plane angle. Early maturation of the mandibular teeth was observed in girls with CPP.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/112317-809.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,30]],"date-time":"2018-04-30T11:18:46Z","timestamp":1525087126000},"page":"582-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of characteristics of the craniofacial complex and dental maturity in girls with central precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Hee-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hwan","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Student, Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Mi","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Seon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Researcher, Department of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ju","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Craniofacial Deformity, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b01","series-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol","first-page":"164","article-title":"Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definition, etiology, diagnosis and current management","volume":"1","author":"Berberoglu \n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berberoglu \n M. \n \n \n Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definition, etiology, diagnosis and current management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;1:164\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b02","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2198","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of precocious puberty: an update","volume":"98","author":"Fuqua \n JS.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuqua \n JS. \n \n \n Treatment and outcomes of precocious puberty: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2198\u20132207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b03","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0120588","article-title":"Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty","volume":"10","author":"Giabicani \n E,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giabicani \n E, \n \n \n Lemaire \n P, \n \n \n Brauner \n R. \n \n \n Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120588."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b04","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"56","article-title":"Precocious puberty: growth and genetics","volume":"64","author":"Phillip \n M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Phillip \n M, \n \n \n Lazar \n L. \n \n \n Precocious puberty: growth and genetics. Horm Res. 2005;64Suppl 2:56\u201361."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b05","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effects of sex hormone disturbances on craniofacial growth in newborn mice","volume":"83","author":"Fujita \n T,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fujita \n T, \n \n \n Ohtani \n J, \n \n \n Shigekawa \n M, \n \n et al. \n Effects of sex hormone disturbances on craniofacial growth in newborn mice. J Dent Res. 2004;83:250\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of induced precocious puberty on cranial growth in female Wistar rats","volume":"34","author":"Izquierdo \n AD,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Izquierdo \n AD, \n \n \n Mishima \n FD, \n \n \n Carrard \n VC, \n \n \n Farina \n M, \n \n \n Nojima \n MDG. \n \n \n Effects of induced precocious puberty on cranial growth in female Wistar rats. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:133\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b07","series-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method). 3rd ed","author":"Tanner \n JM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanner \n JM. \n \n \n Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method). 3rd ed. London: W.B Saunders;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b08","series-title":"J Formos Med Assoc","first-page":"313","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency","volume":"116","author":"Choi \n SH,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi \n SH, \n \n \n Fan \n D, \n \n \n Hwang \n MS, \n \n \n Lee \n HK, \n \n \n Hwang \n CJ. \n \n \n Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;116:313\u2013321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b09","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children","volume":"21","author":"Moorrees \n CF,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Moorrees \n CF, \n \n \n Fanning \n EA, \n \n \n Hunt \n EE\n Jr. \n \n \n Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children. 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PLoS One. 2015;1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"564","article-title":"Sex hormones receptors play a crucial role in the control of femoral and mandibular growth in newborn mice","volume":"33","author":"Hernandez \n RAM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hernandez \n RAM, \n \n \n Ohtani \n J, \n \n \n Fujita \n T, \n \n et al. \n Sex hormones receptors play a crucial role in the control of femoral and mandibular growth in newborn mice. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:564\u2013569."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages","volume":"82","author":"Kumar \n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar \n S, \n \n \n Singla \n A, \n \n \n Sharma \n R, \n \n \n Virdi \n MS, \n \n \n Anupam \n A, \n \n \n Mittal \n B. \n \n \n Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:501\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b14","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"120","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular third molar development in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Cho \n SM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cho \n SM, \n \n \n Hwang \n CJ. \n \n \n Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular third molar development in adolescents. Korean J Orthod. 2009;39:120\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b15","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","first-page":"296","article-title":"Predictive value of dental maturity for a positive gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test result in girls with precocious puberty","volume":"32","author":"Baik \n JS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baik \n JS, \n \n \n Choi \n JW, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Kim \n JH, \n \n \n Kim \n S, \n \n \n Kim \n JH. \n \n \n Predictive value of dental maturity for a positive gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test result in girls with precocious puberty. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32:296\u2013302."},{"issue":"509","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b16","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"e501","article-title":"Dental age estimation standards for a Western Australian population","volume":"257","author":"Karkhanis \n S,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karkhanis \n S, \n \n \n Mack \n P, \n \n \n Franklin \n D. \n \n \n Dental age estimation standards for a Western Australian population. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;257:509e501\u2013509."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b01","series-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol","first-page":"164","article-title":"Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definition, etiology, diagnosis and current management","volume":"1","author":"Berberoglu \n M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Berberoglu \n M. \n \n \n Precocious puberty and normal variant puberty: definition, etiology, diagnosis and current management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;1:164\u2013174."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b02","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"2198","article-title":"Treatment and outcomes of precocious puberty: an update","volume":"98","author":"Fuqua \n JS.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuqua \n JS. \n \n \n Treatment and outcomes of precocious puberty: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2198\u20132207."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b03","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0120588","article-title":"Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty","volume":"10","author":"Giabicani \n E,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giabicani \n E, \n \n \n Lemaire \n P, \n \n \n Brauner \n R. \n \n \n Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0120588."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b04","series-title":"Horm Res","first-page":"56","article-title":"Precocious puberty: growth and genetics","volume":"64","author":"Phillip \n M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Phillip \n M, \n \n \n Lazar \n L. \n \n \n Precocious puberty: growth and genetics. Horm Res. 2005;64Suppl 2:56\u201361."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b05","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"250","article-title":"Effects of sex hormone disturbances on craniofacial growth in newborn mice","volume":"83","author":"Fujita \n T,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fujita \n T, \n \n \n Ohtani \n J, \n \n \n Shigekawa \n M, \n \n et al. \n Effects of sex hormone disturbances on craniofacial growth in newborn mice. J Dent Res. 2004;83:250\u2013254."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b06","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Effects of induced precocious puberty on cranial growth in female Wistar rats","volume":"34","author":"Izquierdo \n AD,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Izquierdo \n AD, \n \n \n Mishima \n FD, \n \n \n Carrard \n VC, \n \n \n Farina \n M, \n \n \n Nojima \n MDG. \n \n \n Effects of induced precocious puberty on cranial growth in female Wistar rats. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:133\u2013140."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b07","series-title":"Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method). 3rd ed","author":"Tanner \n JM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tanner \n JM. \n \n \n Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height (TW3 Method). 3rd ed. London: W.B Saunders;2001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b08","series-title":"J Formos Med Assoc","first-page":"313","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency","volume":"116","author":"Choi \n SH,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi \n SH, \n \n \n Fan \n D, \n \n \n Hwang \n MS, \n \n \n Lee \n HK, \n \n \n Hwang \n CJ. \n \n \n Effect of growth hormone treatment on craniofacial growth in children: idiopathic short stature versus growth hormone deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;116:313\u2013321."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b09","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"205","article-title":"Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children","volume":"21","author":"Moorrees \n CF,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Moorrees \n CF, \n \n \n Fanning \n EA, \n \n \n Hunt \n EE\n Jr. \n \n \n Formation and resorption of three deciduous teeth in children. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1963;21:205\u2013213."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b10","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1490","article-title":"Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth","volume":"42","author":"Moorrees \n CF,","year":"1963","unstructured":"Moorrees \n CF, \n \n \n Fanning \n EA, \n \n \n Hunt \n EE\n Jr. \n \n \n Age variation of formation stages for ten permanent teeth. J Dent Res. 1963;42:1490\u20131502."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b11","series-title":"PLoS One","article-title":"Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty","volume":"1","author":"Giabicani \n E,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giabicani \n E, \n \n \n Lemaire \n P, \n \n \n Brauner \n R. \n \n \n Models for predicting the adult height and age at first menstruation of girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty. PLoS One. 2015;1."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"564","article-title":"Sex hormones receptors play a crucial role in the control of femoral and mandibular growth in newborn mice","volume":"33","author":"Hernandez \n RAM,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hernandez \n RAM, \n \n \n Ohtani \n J, \n \n \n Fujita \n T, \n \n et al. \n Sex hormones receptors play a crucial role in the control of femoral and mandibular growth in newborn mice. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:564\u2013569."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"501","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages","volume":"82","author":"Kumar \n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar \n S, \n \n \n Singla \n A, \n \n \n Sharma \n R, \n \n \n Virdi \n MS, \n \n \n Anupam \n A, \n \n \n Mittal \n B. \n \n \n Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular second molar calcification stages. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:501\u2013506."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b14","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"120","article-title":"Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular third molar development in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Cho \n SM,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cho \n SM, \n \n \n Hwang \n CJ. \n \n \n Skeletal maturation evaluation using mandibular third molar development in adolescents. Korean J Orthod. 2009;39:120\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b15","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","first-page":"296","article-title":"Predictive value of dental maturity for a positive gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test result in girls with precocious puberty","volume":"32","author":"Baik \n JS,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baik \n JS, \n \n \n Choi \n JW, \n \n \n Kim \n SJ, \n \n \n Kim \n JH, \n \n \n Kim \n S, \n \n \n Kim \n JH. \n \n \n Predictive value of dental maturity for a positive gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test result in girls with precocious puberty. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32:296\u2013302."},{"issue":"509","key":"i0003-3219-88-5-582-b16","series-title":"Forensic Sci Int","first-page":"e501","article-title":"Dental age estimation standards for a Western Australian population","volume":"257","author":"Karkhanis \n S,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Karkhanis \n S, \n \n \n Mack \n P, \n \n \n Franklin \n D. \n \n \n Dental age estimation standards for a Western Australian population. 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