{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:07:15Z","timestamp":1780067235065,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To determine an optimal anteroposterior (AP) position of the maxillary central incisors and their relationship to the forehead in adult African American (AA) females.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Smile profile photographs of 150 AA females were acquired and divided into an optimal control group (N = 48) and a study group (N = 102) based on the position of the maxillary central incisors, as judged by a panel of orthodontists and orthodontic residents. The AP position of the maxillary central incisors and the forehead inclination (FI) were measured relative to Glabella vertical (GV). A two-sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test was used to compare the incisor AP position and the FI between the two groups. Linear regression was used to quantify the relationship between the incisor AP position and the FI.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In all groups, the maxillary incisors were anterior to GV. However, a significant difference was found in the incisor AP position between the groups (8.58 \u00b1 3.96 mm for the control group and 11.2 \u00b1 4.48 mm for the study group;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = .001). Furthermore, the control group demonstrated a positive association between the optimal AP position of the maxillary central incisors and FI (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n GV is a reliable landmark with which to access the AP maxillary incisor position in AA females. The optimal AP position of the maxillary central incisors is significantly associated with FI; the greater the FI, the more anterior the optimal maxillary incisor position. A prediction equation to determine the optimal position of the maxillary incisors relative to GV for AA females is proposed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/120517-833.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T14:29:12Z","timestamp":1536157752000},"page":"123-128","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Optimal antero-posterior position of the maxillary central incisors and its relationship to the forehead in adult African American females"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Matthew P.","family":"Gidaly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Charlotte, NC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Tremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, SC."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Paul","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistician, Center for Clinical & Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung How","family":"Kau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nada M.","family":"Souccar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ala."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"98","article-title":"The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc","volume":"120","author":"Sarver \n DM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(2):98\u2013111."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b02","series-title":"Andrews J Orthod Orofac Harmony","first-page":"13","article-title":"The six elements of orofacial harmony","volume":"1","author":"Andrews \n LF,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andrews \n LF, \n \n \n Andrews \n WA. \n \n \n The six elements of orofacial harmony. Andrews J Orthod Orofac Harmony. 2000;1:13\u201322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"662","article-title":"AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females","volume":"78","author":"Andrews \n WA.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrews \n WA. \n \n \n AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(4):662\u2013669."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b04","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery","author":"Tremont \n T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tremont \n T. \n \n \n Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery. Charleston: Ortho Gnathics, LLC; 2016. p. 1\u201330."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness","volume":"127","author":"Schlosser \n JB,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlosser \n JB, \n \n \n Preston \n CB, \n \n \n Lampasso \n J. \n \n \n The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127(1):17\u201324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics","volume":"81","author":"Cao \n L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cao \n L, \n \n \n Zhang \n K, \n \n \n Bai \n D, \n \n et al. \n Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod. 2011;81(1):121\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b07","series-title":"Art Pract Dentofacial Enhancement","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males","volume":"14","author":"Adams \n M,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams \n M, \n \n \n Andrews \n W, \n \n \n Tremont \n T, \n \n et al. \n Anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males. Art Pract Dentofacial Enhancement. 2013;14:2\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b08","article-title":"Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning","author":"Tomblyn \n J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tomblyn \n J. \n \n \n Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. Morgantown: West Virginia University; 2015."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b09","series-title":"Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy, 8th ed","author":"Andrews \n L,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrews \n L, \n \n \n Andrews \n W. \n \n \n Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy, 8th ed. San Diego, Calif; L.A. Wells Inc., 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles","volume":"129","author":"I\u015fiksal \n E,","year":"2006","unstructured":"I\u015fiksal \n E, \n \n \n Hazar \n S, \n \n \n Akyal\u00e7in \n S. \n \n \n Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(1):8\u201316."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"The perception of optimal profile in African Americans versus white Americans as assessed by orthodontists and the lay public","volume":"118","author":"Hall \n D,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall \n D, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Jacobson \n A, \n \n \n Sadowsky \n PL, \n \n \n Bartolucci \n A. \n \n \n The perception of optimal profile in African Americans versus white Americans as assessed by orthodontists and the lay public. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118(5):514\u2013525."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck \n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck \n H, \n \n \n Peck \n S. \n \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40(4):284\u2013318."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"240","article-title":"Bimaxillary protrusion in black Americans\u2014an esthetic evaluation and the treatment considerations","volume":"104","author":"Farrow \n AL,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Farrow \n AL, \n \n \n Zarrinnia \n K, \n \n \n Azizi \n K. \n \n \n Bimaxillary protrusion in black Americans\u2014an esthetic evaluation and the treatment considerations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104(3):240\u2013250."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"90","article-title":"Soft tissue profile: a survey of African-American preference","volume":"108","author":"Polk \n MS,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Polk \n MS, \n \n \n Farman \n AG, \n \n \n Yancey \n JA, \n \n et al. \n Soft tissue profile: a survey of African-American preference. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108(1):90\u2013101."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"352","article-title":"The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients","volume":"116","author":"Scott \n SH,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scott \n SH, \n \n \n Johnston \n LE. \n \n \n The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116(3):352\u2013360."},{"issue":"7","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b16","series-title":"SADJ","first-page":"394","article-title":"The role of the nose and cranial base in profile assessment: a morphological comparison between native African and Caucasian samples","volume":"67","author":"Dandajena \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dandajena \n T, \n \n \n Chung \n KW. \n \n \n The role of the nose and cranial base in profile assessment: a morphological comparison between native African and Caucasian samples. SADJ. 2012;67(7):394\u2013399."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"373","article-title":"A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population","volume":"72","author":"Sushner \n NI.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sushner \n NI. \n \n \n A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population. Am J Orthod. 1977;72(4):373\u2013385."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"298","article-title":"Cephalometric standards for American Negro children","volume":"74","author":"Alexander \n TL,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Alexander \n TL, \n \n \n Hitchcock \n HP. \n \n \n Cephalometric standards for American Negro children. Am J Orthod. 1978;74(3):298\u2013304."},{"issue":"9","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"670","article-title":"A determination of cephalometric norms for the Negro race","volume":"54","author":"Drummond \n RA.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Drummond \n RA. \n \n \n A determination of cephalometric norms for the Negro race. Am J Orthod. 1968;54(9):670\u2013682."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"218","article-title":"Mesh diagram cephalometric norms for Americans of African descent","volume":"114","author":"Bailey \n KL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bailey \n KL, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW. \n \n \n Mesh diagram cephalometric norms for Americans of African descent. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114(2):218\u2013223."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Facial harmony","volume":"60","author":"Cox \n NH,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cox \n NH, \n \n \n van der Linden \n FP. \n \n \n Facial harmony. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(2):175\u2013183."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"244","article-title":"Natural head position as a basis for cephalometric analysis","volume":"101","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n F,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n F, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n A. \n \n \n Natural head position as a basis for cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101(3):244\u2013247."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research","volume":"17","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n F, \n \n \n Lebret \n LM, \n \n \n Moorrees \n CF. \n \n \n Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17(2):111\u2013120."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"537","article-title":"The Frankfort horizontal as a basis for cephalometric analysis","volume":"107","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n F. \n \n \n The Frankfort horizontal as a basis for cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107(5):537\u2013540."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b25","series-title":"Am J Ment Defic","first-page":"127","article-title":"Developing criteria for establishing inter-rater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior","volume":"86","author":"Cicchetti \n DV,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cicchetti \n DV, \n \n \n Sparrow \n SA. \n \n \n Developing criteria for establishing inter-rater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. Am J Ment Defic. 1981;86:127\u2013137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b26","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed","author":"Proffit \n W,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit \n W, \n \n \n Fields \n H, \n \n \n Sarver \n D. \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed. St Louis, Mo; Mosby Elsevier; 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Natural head position\u2014a revival","volume":"105","author":"Moorrees \n CF.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moorrees \n CF. \n \n \n Natural head position\u2014a revival. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105(5):512\u2013513."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b28","article-title":"Washington, DC; American Dental Education Association Publications","unstructured":"ADEA Snapshot of Dental Education 2017-2018. Washington, DC; American Dental Education Association Publications. Available from: adea.org\/snapshot"},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"98","article-title":"The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc","volume":"120","author":"Sarver \n DM.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sarver \n DM. \n \n \n The importance of incisor positioning in the esthetic smile: the smile arc. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(2):98\u2013111."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b02","series-title":"Andrews J Orthod Orofac Harmony","first-page":"13","article-title":"The six elements of orofacial harmony","volume":"1","author":"Andrews \n LF,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andrews \n LF, \n \n \n Andrews \n WA. \n \n \n The six elements of orofacial harmony. Andrews J Orthod Orofac Harmony. 2000;1:13\u201322."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b03","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"662","article-title":"AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females","volume":"78","author":"Andrews \n WA.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Andrews \n WA. \n \n \n AP relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white females. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(4):662\u2013669."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b04","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery","author":"Tremont \n T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tremont \n T. \n \n \n Diagnosis and Treatment Planning for Orthognathic Surgery. Charleston: Ortho Gnathics, LLC; 2016. p. 1\u201330."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"17","article-title":"The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness","volume":"127","author":"Schlosser \n JB,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schlosser \n JB, \n \n \n Preston \n CB, \n \n \n Lampasso \n J. \n \n \n The effects of computer-aided anteroposterior maxillary incisor movement on ratings of facial attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127(1):17\u201324."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"121","article-title":"Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics","volume":"81","author":"Cao \n L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cao \n L, \n \n \n Zhang \n K, \n \n \n Bai \n D, \n \n et al. \n Effect of maxillary incisor labiolingual inclination and anteroposterior position on smiling profile esthetics. Angle Orthod. 2011;81(1):121\u2013129."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b07","series-title":"Art Pract Dentofacial Enhancement","first-page":"2","article-title":"Anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males","volume":"14","author":"Adams \n M,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Adams \n M, \n \n \n Andrews \n W, \n \n \n Tremont \n T, \n \n et al. \n Anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary central incisors to the forehead in adult white males. Art Pract Dentofacial Enhancement. 2013;14:2\u20139."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b08","article-title":"Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning","author":"Tomblyn \n J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tomblyn \n J. \n \n \n Facial Planes as Landmarks for Diagnosis and Treatment Planning. Morgantown: West Virginia University; 2015."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b09","series-title":"Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy, 8th ed","author":"Andrews \n L,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andrews \n L, \n \n \n Andrews \n W. \n \n \n Syllabus of the Andrews Orthodontic Philosophy, 8th ed. San Diego, Calif; L.A. Wells Inc., 1999."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"8","article-title":"Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles","volume":"129","author":"I\u015fiksal \n E,","year":"2006","unstructured":"I\u015fiksal \n E, \n \n \n Hazar \n S, \n \n \n Akyal\u00e7in \n S. \n \n \n Smile esthetics: perception and comparison of treated and untreated smiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(1):8\u201316."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"514","article-title":"The perception of optimal profile in African Americans versus white Americans as assessed by orthodontists and the lay public","volume":"118","author":"Hall \n D,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hall \n D, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW, \n \n \n Jacobson \n A, \n \n \n Sadowsky \n PL, \n \n \n Bartolucci \n A. \n \n \n The perception of optimal profile in African Americans versus white Americans as assessed by orthodontists and the lay public. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118(5):514\u2013525."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck \n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck \n H, \n \n \n Peck \n S. \n \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40(4):284\u2013318."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"240","article-title":"Bimaxillary protrusion in black Americans\u2014an esthetic evaluation and the treatment considerations","volume":"104","author":"Farrow \n AL,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Farrow \n AL, \n \n \n Zarrinnia \n K, \n \n \n Azizi \n K. \n \n \n Bimaxillary protrusion in black Americans\u2014an esthetic evaluation and the treatment considerations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104(3):240\u2013250."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"90","article-title":"Soft tissue profile: a survey of African-American preference","volume":"108","author":"Polk \n MS,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Polk \n MS, \n \n \n Farman \n AG, \n \n \n Yancey \n JA, \n \n et al. \n Soft tissue profile: a survey of African-American preference. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;108(1):90\u2013101."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"352","article-title":"The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients","volume":"116","author":"Scott \n SH,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scott \n SH, \n \n \n Johnston \n LE. \n \n \n The perceived impact of extraction and nonextraction treatments on matched samples of African American patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116(3):352\u2013360."},{"issue":"7","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b16","series-title":"SADJ","first-page":"394","article-title":"The role of the nose and cranial base in profile assessment: a morphological comparison between native African and Caucasian samples","volume":"67","author":"Dandajena \n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dandajena \n T, \n \n \n Chung \n KW. \n \n \n The role of the nose and cranial base in profile assessment: a morphological comparison between native African and Caucasian samples. SADJ. 2012;67(7):394\u2013399."},{"issue":"4","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"373","article-title":"A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population","volume":"72","author":"Sushner \n NI.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Sushner \n NI. \n \n \n A photographic study of the soft-tissue profile of the Negro population. Am J Orthod. 1977;72(4):373\u2013385."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"298","article-title":"Cephalometric standards for American Negro children","volume":"74","author":"Alexander \n TL,","year":"1978","unstructured":"Alexander \n TL, \n \n \n Hitchcock \n HP. \n \n \n Cephalometric standards for American Negro children. Am J Orthod. 1978;74(3):298\u2013304."},{"issue":"9","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"670","article-title":"A determination of cephalometric norms for the Negro race","volume":"54","author":"Drummond \n RA.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Drummond \n RA. \n \n \n A determination of cephalometric norms for the Negro race. Am J Orthod. 1968;54(9):670\u2013682."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"218","article-title":"Mesh diagram cephalometric norms for Americans of African descent","volume":"114","author":"Bailey \n KL,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bailey \n KL, \n \n \n Taylor \n RW. \n \n \n Mesh diagram cephalometric norms for Americans of African descent. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114(2):218\u2013223."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"175","article-title":"Facial harmony","volume":"60","author":"Cox \n NH,","year":"1971","unstructured":"Cox \n NH, \n \n \n van der Linden \n FP. \n \n \n Facial harmony. Am J Orthod. 1971;60(2):175\u2013183."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"244","article-title":"Natural head position as a basis for cephalometric analysis","volume":"101","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n F,","year":"1992","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n F, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n A. \n \n \n Natural head position as a basis for cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;101(3):244\u2013247."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"111","article-title":"Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research","volume":"17","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n F, \n \n \n Lebret \n LM, \n \n \n Moorrees \n CF. \n \n \n Natural head position and natural head orientation: basic considerations in cephalometric analysis and research. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17(2):111\u2013120."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b24","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"537","article-title":"The Frankfort horizontal as a basis for cephalometric analysis","volume":"107","author":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A,","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lundstr\u00f6m \n A, \n \n \n Lundstr\u00f6m \n F. \n \n \n The Frankfort horizontal as a basis for cephalometric analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107(5):537\u2013540."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b25","series-title":"Am J Ment Defic","first-page":"127","article-title":"Developing criteria for establishing inter-rater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior","volume":"86","author":"Cicchetti \n DV,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Cicchetti \n DV, \n \n \n Sparrow \n SA. \n \n \n Developing criteria for establishing inter-rater reliability of specific items: applications to assessment of adaptive behavior. Am J Ment Defic. 1981;86:127\u2013137."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b26","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed","author":"Proffit \n W,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit \n W, \n \n \n Fields \n H, \n \n \n Sarver \n D. \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics, 5th ed. St Louis, Mo; Mosby Elsevier; 2013."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b27","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"512","article-title":"Natural head position\u2014a revival","volume":"105","author":"Moorrees \n CF.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Moorrees \n CF. \n \n \n Natural head position\u2014a revival. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105(5):512\u2013513."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-1-123-b28","article-title":"Washington, DC; American Dental Education Association Publications","unstructured":"ADEA Snapshot of Dental Education 2017-2018. Washington, DC; American Dental Education Association Publications. Available from: adea.org\/snapshot"}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/89\/1\/article-p123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/89\/1\/123\/1394145\/120517-833_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/89\/1\/article-p123.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/89\/1\/article-p123.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:50:53Z","timestamp":1780066253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/89\/1\/article-p123.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/120517-833.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}