{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:06:05Z","timestamp":1780070765019,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics and compare them with a matched control group treated by a monobloc appliance for the correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion due to mandibular retrusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Twelve patients (6 girls, 6 boys) were randomly divided into two groups. In the elastics group, six patients (12.9 \u00b1 1.5 years of age; 3 boys, 3 girls) were treated with skeletally anchored Class II elastics. Two miniplates were placed bilaterally at the ramus of the mandible and the other two miniplates were placed at the aperture piriformis area of the maxilla. In the monobloc group (3 boys and 3 girls; mean age, 12.3 \u00b1 1.6 years), patients used the monobloc appliance. The changes observed in each phase of treatment were evaluated using the Wilcoxon matched-pair sign test. Intergroup comparisons at the initial phase of treatment were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n There were statistically significant group differences in Co-Gn, B-VRL, U1-PP, U1-VRL, Ls-VRL, with significant increases in these parameters in the elastics group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). The mandibular incisors were protruded in the monobloc group (5.45 \u00b1 1.23\u00b0), whereas they were retruded in the elastics group (\u22123.01 \u00b1 1.66\u00b0;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The undesirable dentoalveolar effects of the monobloc appliance were eliminated by using miniplate anchorage. Favorable skeletal outcomes can be achieved by skeletal anchorage therapies which could be an alternative to treat skeletal Class II patients with mandibular deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/120616-875.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T10:07:22Z","timestamp":1491991642000},"page":"505-512","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of skeletally anchored Class II elastics: A pilot study and new approach for treating Class II malocclusion"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Selin","family":"Ozbilek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Yalcin","family":"Gungor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Akdeniz, Antalya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salih","family":"Celik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice, Antalya, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b01","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"97","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey","volume":"13","author":"Proffit \n WR,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Proffit \n WR, \n \n \n Fields \n HW\n Jr, \n \n \n Moray \n LJ. \n \n \n Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:97\u2013106."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b02","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e791","article-title":"The pattern of malocclusion in a sample of orthodontic patients from Turkey","volume":"15","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Akpinar \n S, \n \n \n Yavuz \n I. \n \n \n The pattern of malocclusion in a sample of orthodontic patients from Turkey. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e791\u2013e796."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"809","article-title":"Effects of fixed functional appliance treatment on the temporomandibular joint","volume":"133","author":"Arici \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arici \n S, \n \n \n Akan \n H, \n \n \n Yakubov \n K, \n \n \n Arici \n N. \n \n \n Effects of fixed functional appliance treatment on the temporomandibular joint. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:809\u2013814."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b05","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"739","article-title":"The monobloc appliance","volume":"22","author":"Eastwood \n AW.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Eastwood \n AW. \n \n \n The monobloc appliance. Dent Clin North Am. 1978;22:739\u2013755."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"460","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of monobloc and twin\u2013block appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures","volume":"116","author":"Tumer \n N,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tumer \n N, \n \n \n Gultan \n AS. \n \n \n Comparison of the effects of monobloc and twin\u2013block appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:460\u2013468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device versus intermaxillary elastics","volume":"78","author":"Jones \n G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones \n G, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH, \n \n \n Kim \n KB, \n \n \n Oliver \n DR. \n \n \n Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device versus intermaxillary elastics. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:332\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"666","article-title":"Forsus Nitinol Flat Spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions","volume":"76","author":"Karacay \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karacay \n S, \n \n \n Akin \n E, \n \n \n Olmez \n H, \n \n \n Gurton \n AU, \n \n \n Sagdic \n D. \n \n \n Forsus Nitinol Flat Spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:666\u2013672."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b09","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"302","article-title":"A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances","volume":"6","author":"Oztoprak \n MO,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oztoprak \n MO, \n \n \n Nalbantgil \n D, \n \n \n Uyanlar \n A, \n \n \n Arun \n T. \n \n \n A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances. Eur J Dent. 2012;6:302\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"306","article-title":"Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study","volume":"86","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Ekizer \n A, \n \n \n Unal \n T. \n \n \n Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:306\u2013314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal \n T,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal \n T, \n \n \n Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Candirli \n C. \n \n \n Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device used with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"84","author":"Aslan \n BI,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aslan \n BI, \n \n \n Kucukkaraca \n E, \n \n \n Turkoz \n C, \n \n \n Dincer \n M. \n \n \n Treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device used with miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:76\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b13","series-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"61","article-title":"Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures based on stages of maturation","volume":"20","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures based on stages of maturation. Trans Eur Orthod Soc. 1972;20:61\u201374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"611","article-title":"Skeletal ossification and the adolescent growth spurt","volume":"69","author":"Grave \n KC,","year":"1976","unstructured":"Grave \n KC, \n \n \n Brown \n T. \n \n \n Skeletal ossification and the adolescent growth spurt. Am J Orthod. 1976;69:611\u2013619."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"552","article-title":"Cephalometric evaluation of children with familial Mediterranean fever","volume":"82","author":"Gungor \n AY,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gungor \n AY, \n \n \n Arica \n V, \n \n \n Gungor \n O, \n \n \n Tutanc \n M. \n \n \n Cephalometric evaluation of children with familial Mediterranean fever. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:552\u2013555."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"584","article-title":"Effects of severity and location of nonsyndromic hypodontia on craniofacial morphology","volume":"83","author":"Gungor \n AY,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gungor \n AY, \n \n \n Turkkahraman \n H. \n \n \n Effects of severity and location of nonsyndromic hypodontia on craniofacial morphology. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:584\u2013590."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b17","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"382","article-title":"The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements","volume":"83","author":"Houston \n WJB.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Houston \n WJB. \n \n \n The analysis of errors in orthodontic measurements. Am J Orthod. 1983;83:382\u2013390"},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"614","article-title":"Success rate and efficiency of activator treatment","volume":"29","author":"Casutt \n C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Casutt \n C, \n \n \n Pancherz \n H, \n \n \n Gawora \n M, \n \n \n Ruf \n S. \n \n \n Success rate and efficiency of activator treatment. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:614\u2013621."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b19","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"418","article-title":"Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Koretsi \n V,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Koretsi \n V, \n \n \n Zymperdikas \n VF, \n \n \n Papageorgiou \n SN, \n \n \n Papadopoulos \n MA. \n \n \n Treatment effects of removable functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2015;37:418\u2013434."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b20","series-title":"Orthod Fr","first-page":"307","article-title":"Skeletal Class II treatment with the miniscrew-anchored Herbst","volume":"84","author":"Luzi \n C,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Luzi \n C, \n \n \n Luzi \n V. \n \n \n Skeletal Class II treatment with the miniscrew-anchored Herbst. Orthod Fr. 2013;84:307\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1026","article-title":"Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"86","author":"Turkkahraman \n H,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Turkkahraman \n H, \n \n \n Eliacik \n SK, \n \n \n Findik \n Y. \n \n \n Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:1026\u20131032."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"594","article-title":"Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of twin-block and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: a comparative study","volume":"130","author":"Jena \n AK,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jena \n AK, \n \n \n Duggal \n R, \n \n \n Parkash \n H. \n \n \n Skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of twin-block and bionator appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:594\u2013602."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b23","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"334","article-title":"Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for functional appliances in Class II malocclusion","volume":"83","author":"Franchi \n L,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Franchi \n L, \n \n \n Pavoni \n C, \n \n \n Faltin \n K, \n \n \n McNamara \n JA\n Jr, \n \n \n Cozza \n P. \n \n \n Long-term skeletal and dental effects and treatment timing for functional appliances in Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:334\u2013340."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"293","article-title":"Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes during activator therapy","volume":"26","author":"Cozza \n P,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cozza \n P, \n \n \n De Toffol \n L, \n \n \n Colagrossi \n S. \n \n \n Dentoskeletal effects and facial profile changes during activator therapy. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140:616\u2013625."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b27","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"445","article-title":"Comparison of Forsus FRD EZ and Andresen activator in the treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusions","volume":"19","author":"Bilgic \n F,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bilgic \n F, \n \n \n Basaran \n G, \n \n \n Hamamci \n O. \n \n \n Comparison of Forsus FRD EZ and Andresen activator in the treatment of Class II, Division 1 malocclusions. 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Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1998;13:97\u2013106."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b02","series-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal","first-page":"e791","article-title":"The pattern of malocclusion in a sample of orthodontic patients from Turkey","volume":"15","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Akpinar \n S, \n \n \n Yavuz \n I. \n \n \n The pattern of malocclusion in a sample of orthodontic patients from Turkey. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15:e791\u2013e796."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"809","article-title":"Effects of fixed functional appliance treatment on the temporomandibular joint","volume":"133","author":"Arici \n S,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arici \n S, \n \n \n Akan \n H, \n \n \n Yakubov \n K, \n \n \n Arici \n N. \n \n \n Effects of fixed functional appliance treatment on the temporomandibular joint. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:809\u2013814."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age","volume":"51","author":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr.","year":"1981","unstructured":"McNamara \n JA\n Jr. \n \n \n Components of Class II malocclusion in children 8\u201310 years of age. Angle Orthod. 1981;51:177\u2013202."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b05","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"739","article-title":"The monobloc appliance","volume":"22","author":"Eastwood \n AW.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Eastwood \n AW. \n \n \n The monobloc appliance. Dent Clin North Am. 1978;22:739\u2013755."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"460","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of monobloc and twin\u2013block appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures","volume":"116","author":"Tumer \n N,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tumer \n N, \n \n \n Gultan \n AS. \n \n \n Comparison of the effects of monobloc and twin\u2013block appliances on the skeletal and dentoalveolar structures. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;116:460\u2013468."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"332","article-title":"Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device versus intermaxillary elastics","volume":"78","author":"Jones \n G,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jones \n G, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH, \n \n \n Kim \n KB, \n \n \n Oliver \n DR. \n \n \n Class II non-extraction patients treated with the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device versus intermaxillary elastics. Angle Orthod. 2008;78:332\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b08","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"666","article-title":"Forsus Nitinol Flat Spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions","volume":"76","author":"Karacay \n S,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karacay \n S, \n \n \n Akin \n E, \n \n \n Olmez \n H, \n \n \n Gurton \n AU, \n \n \n Sagdic \n D. \n \n \n Forsus Nitinol Flat Spring and Jasper Jumper corrections of Class II division 1 malocclusions. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:666\u2013672."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b09","series-title":"Eur J Dent","first-page":"302","article-title":"A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances","volume":"6","author":"Oztoprak \n MO,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Oztoprak \n MO, \n \n \n Nalbantgil \n D, \n \n \n Uyanlar \n A, \n \n \n Arun \n T. \n \n \n A cephalometric comparative study of Class II correction with Sabbagh Universal Spring (SUS(2)) and Forsus FRD appliances. Eur J Dent. 2012;6:302\u2013310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"306","article-title":"Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study","volume":"86","author":"Celikoglu \n M,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Buyuk \n SK, \n \n \n Ekizer \n A, \n \n \n Unal \n T. \n \n \n Treatment effects of skeletally anchored Forsus FRD EZ and Herbst appliances: a retrospective clinical study. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:306\u2013314."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"413","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion","volume":"85","author":"Unal \n T,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Unal \n T, \n \n \n Celikoglu \n M, \n \n \n Candirli \n C. \n \n \n Evaluation of the effects of skeletal anchoraged Forsus FRD using miniplates inserted on mandibular symphysis: a new approach for the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:413\u2013419."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"76","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device used with miniscrew anchorage","volume":"84","author":"Aslan \n BI,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aslan \n BI, \n \n \n Kucukkaraca \n E, \n \n \n Turkoz \n C, \n \n \n Dincer \n M. \n \n \n Treatment effects of the Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device used with miniscrew anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2014;84:76\u201387."},{"key":"i0003-3219-87-4-505-b13","series-title":"Trans Eur Orthod Soc","first-page":"61","article-title":"Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures based on stages of maturation","volume":"20","author":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A.","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bj\u00f6rk \n A. \n \n \n Timing of interceptive orthodontic measures based on stages of maturation. 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