{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T15:05:14Z","timestamp":1780067114410,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess soft tissue differences between monozygotic twins (MZ) for the total face and between facial regions using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry and quantitative surface-based 3D deviation analyses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n The study sample consisted of 14 untreated MZ twins (6 males, 8 females, mean age: 14.75 years) from the archive of Marmara University, Department of Orthodontics. The images were taken by the 3dMDface system, and 3dMDvultus software was used for removal of undesired areas and approximation of the images. Then, stereolithography (.stl) format images were superimposed using the best-fit algorithm using 3-matic software. The face was divided into facial thirds, and upper lip and lower lip + chin regions were created. For the comparison, 3D deviation analyses were performed, and a color map and histogram were created. The data were presented as mean deviation, root mean square (RMS), median, and interquartile range.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Between the facial thirds, there was no significant difference in soft tissue differences for mean deviation. A statistically significant difference was found between the upper and lower face for the RMS value. For the comparison of upper lip and lower lip + chin region, the only significant difference was for the RMS. When the data were presented as median and interquartile range, there were no statistically significant differences between any facial regions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Lower facial third and lower lip + chin regions had the greatest differences within MZ twin pairs. The genetic and environmental influences might not be the same for different parts of the face.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/120722-840.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T22:36:26Z","timestamp":1688596586000},"page":"706-711","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Facial morphology differences in monozygotic twins: a retrospective stereophotogrammetric study"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Elvan","family":"Onem Ozbilen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Basal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanife Nuray","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Biren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"172","article-title":"Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era","volume":"11","author":"Carlson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carlson\n DS.\n \n \n Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era. Semin Orthod. 2005;\n11:172\u2013183."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b02","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"437","article-title":"Regional shape change in adult facial bone curvature with age","volume":"143","author":"Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams\n SE,\n \n \n Slice\n DE.\n \n \n Regional shape change in adult facial bone curvature with age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;\n143:437\u2013447."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b03","series-title":"Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Intrapair facial differences in twins","volume":"38","author":"Burke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burke\n PH.\n \n \n Intrapair facial differences in twins. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1989;\n38:37\u201347."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"655","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method","volume":"126","author":"Naini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Naini\n FB,\n \n \n Moss\n JP.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;\n126:655\u2013665."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b05","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning","volume":"16","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n J,\n \n \n Jadallah\n M,\n \n \n Zhurov\n AI,\n \n \n Toma\n AM,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;\n16:146\u2013160."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b06","series-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)","first-page":"33","article-title":"3D-3D facial superimposition between monozygotic twins: a novel morphological approach to the assessment of differences due to environmental factors","volume":"31","author":"Gibelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gibelli\n D,\n \n \n Pucciarelli\n V,\n \n \n Poppa\n P,\n \n \n De Angelis\n D,\n \n \n Cummaudo\n M,\n \n \n Pisoni\n L,\n \n et al.\n \n 3D-3D facial superimposition between monozygotic twins: a novel morphological approach to the assessment of differences due to environmental factors. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2018;\n31:33\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"200","article-title":"Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms","volume":"127","author":"Johannsdottir","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johannsdottir\n B,\n \n \n Thorarinsson\n F,\n \n \n Thordarson\n A,\n \n \n Magnusson\n TE.\n \n \n Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;\n127:200\u2013207."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"504","article-title":"Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings","volume":"131","author":"Bayda\u015f","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bayda\u015f\n B,\n \n \n Erdem\n A,\n \n \n Yavuz\n I,\n \n \n Ceylan\n I.\n \n \n Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;\n131:504\u2013509."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b09","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"82","article-title":"The value of twins in dental research","volume":"48","author":"Townsend","year":"2003","unstructured":"Townsend\n GC,\n \n \n Richards\n L,\n \n \n Hughes\n T,\n \n \n Pinkerton\n S,\n \n \n Schwerdt\n W.\n \n \n The value of twins in dental research. Aust Dent J. 2003;\n48:82\u201388."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b10","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n Fields\n H,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics\n . 5th ed. St Louis, Mo: Elsevier, Mosby; 2013."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b11","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery","author":"Kau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kau\n CH,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n \n Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery\n . Ames, Ia: Wiley Blackwell; 2010."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"416","article-title":"The use of three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics","volume":"28","author":"Moss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moss\n JP.\n \n \n The use of three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod. 2006;\n28:416\u2013425."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b13","series-title":"Int J Med Robot","first-page":"97","article-title":"Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery","volume":"3","author":"Kau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kau\n CH,\n \n \n Richmond\n S,\n \n \n Incrapera\n A,\n \n \n English\n J,\n \n \n Xia\n JJ.\n \n \n Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot. 2007;\n3:97\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b14","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"242","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on facial soft tissues","volume":"77","author":"Dindaro\u011flu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu\n F,\n \n \n Duran\n GS,\n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc\n S.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on facial soft tissues. J Orofac Orthop. 2016;\n77:242\u2013250."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b15","series-title":"Dent 3000","first-page":"1:14","article-title":"Heritability of face shape in twins: a preliminary study using 3D stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometrics","author":"Weinberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weinberg\n SM,\n \n \n Parsons\n TE,\n \n \n Marazita\n ML,\n \n \n Maher\n BS.\n \n \n Heritability of face shape in twins: a preliminary study using 3D stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometrics. Dent 3000. 2013;1:14."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0162250","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study","volume":"11","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n J,\n \n \n Zhurov\n AI,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. PLoS One. 2016;\n11:e0162250."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b17","series-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet","first-page":"306","article-title":"Comparing facial 3D analysis with DNA testing to determine zygosities of twins","volume":"18","author":"Vuollo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vuollo\n V,\n \n \n Sidlauskas\n M,\n \n \n Sidlauskas\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Comparing facial 3D analysis with DNA testing to determine zygosities of twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2015;\n18:306\u2013313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b18","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"323","article-title":"3D soft\u2010tissue evaluation of a Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expander and face mask in pre\u2010pubertal phase\u2014a retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Krneta \u0110oki\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krneta \u0110oki\u0107\n B,\n \n \n Zhurov\n A,\n \n \n Richmond\n S,\n \n \n Verdenik\n I,\n \n \n Ovsenik\n M.\n \n \n 3D soft\u2010tissue evaluation of a Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expander and face mask in pre\u2010pubertal phase\u2014a retrospective cohort study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2020;\n23:323\u2013331."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"487","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry","volume":"86","author":"Dindaro\u011flu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu\n F,\n \n \n Kutlu\n P,\n \n \n Duran\n GS,\n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc\n S,\n \n \n Aslan\n E.\n \n \n Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry. Angle Orthod. 2016;\n86:487\u2013494."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Reproducibility and reliability of three-dimensional soft tissue landmark identification using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry","volume":"86","author":"Baysal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baysal\n A,\n \n \n Sahan\n AO,\n \n \n Ozturk\n MA,\n \n \n Uysal\n T.\n \n \n Reproducibility and reliability of three-dimensional soft tissue landmark identification using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Angle Orthod. 2016;\n86:1004\u20131009."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b21","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"130","article-title":"Reproducibility of natural head position","volume":"19","author":"Chiu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu\n C,\n \n \n Clark\n R.\n \n \n Reproducibility of natural head position. J Dent. 1991;\n19:130\u2013131."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b22","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"221","article-title":"Implementing a superimposition and measurement model for 3D sagittal analysis of therapy-induced changes in facial soft tissue: a pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Hoefert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hoefert\n CS,\n \n \n Bacher\n M,\n \n \n Herberts\n T,\n \n et al.\n \n Implementing a superimposition and measurement model for 3D sagittal analysis of therapy-induced changes in facial soft tissue: a pilot study. J Orofac Orthop. 2010;\n71:221\u2013234."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b23","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"104","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on facial profile","volume":"40","author":"Vanco","year":"1995","unstructured":"Vanco\n C,\n \n \n Kasai\n K,\n \n \n Sergi\n R,\n \n \n Richards\n LC,\n \n \n Townsend\n GC.\n \n \n Genetic and environmental influences on facial profile. Aust Dent J. 1995;\n40:104\u2013109."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b24","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"530","article-title":"Heritability of facial soft tissue growth in mono- and dizygotic twins at 12 and 17 years of age: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Hersberger-Zurfluh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hersberger-Zurfluh\n MA,\n \n \n Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n Motro\n M,\n \n \n Kantarci\n A,\n \n \n Will\n LA,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Heritability of facial soft tissue growth in mono- and dizygotic twins at 12 and 17 years of age: a retrospective cohort study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2022;\n25:530\u2013540."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b25","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"683","article-title":"Facial soft tissue growth in identical twins","volume":"154","author":"Hersberger-Zurfluh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hersberger-Zurfluh\n MA,\n \n \n Papageorgiou\n SN,\n \n \n Motro\n M,\n \n \n Kantarci\n A,\n \n \n Will\n LA,\n \n \n Eliades\n T.\n \n \n Facial soft tissue growth in identical twins. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2018;\n154:683\u2013692."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b01","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"172","article-title":"Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era","volume":"11","author":"Carlson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carlson\n DS.\n \n \n Theories of craniofacial growth in the postgenomic era. Semin Orthod. 2005;\n11:172\u2013183."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b02","series-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol","first-page":"437","article-title":"Regional shape change in adult facial bone curvature with age","volume":"143","author":"Williams","year":"2010","unstructured":"Williams\n SE,\n \n \n Slice\n DE.\n \n \n Regional shape change in adult facial bone curvature with age. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;\n143:437\u2013447."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b03","series-title":"Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma)","first-page":"37","article-title":"Intrapair facial differences in twins","volume":"38","author":"Burke","year":"1989","unstructured":"Burke\n PH.\n \n \n Intrapair facial differences in twins. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1989;\n38:37\u201347."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"655","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method","volume":"126","author":"Naini","year":"2004","unstructured":"Naini\n FB,\n \n \n Moss\n JP.\n \n \n Three-dimensional assessment of the relative contribution of genetics and environment to various facial parameters with the twin method. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;\n126:655\u2013665."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b05","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"146","article-title":"Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning","volume":"16","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2013","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n J,\n \n \n Jadallah\n M,\n \n \n Zhurov\n AI,\n \n \n Toma\n AM,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n Three-dimensional analysis of facial shape and symmetry in twins using laser surface scanning. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2013;\n16:146\u2013160."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b06","series-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)","first-page":"33","article-title":"3D-3D facial superimposition between monozygotic twins: a novel morphological approach to the assessment of differences due to environmental factors","volume":"31","author":"Gibelli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gibelli\n D,\n \n \n Pucciarelli\n V,\n \n \n Poppa\n P,\n \n \n De Angelis\n D,\n \n \n Cummaudo\n M,\n \n \n Pisoni\n L,\n \n et al.\n \n 3D-3D facial superimposition between monozygotic twins: a novel morphological approach to the assessment of differences due to environmental factors. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2018;\n31:33\u201337."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"200","article-title":"Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms","volume":"127","author":"Johannsdottir","year":"2005","unstructured":"Johannsdottir\n B,\n \n \n Thorarinsson\n F,\n \n \n Thordarson\n A,\n \n \n Magnusson\n TE.\n \n \n Heritability of craniofacial characteristics between parents and offspring estimated from lateral cephalograms. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;\n127:200\u2013207."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"504","article-title":"Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings","volume":"131","author":"Bayda\u015f","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bayda\u015f\n B,\n \n \n Erdem\n A,\n \n \n Yavuz\n I,\n \n \n Ceylan\n I.\n \n \n Heritability of facial proportions and soft-tissue profile characteristics in Turkish Anatolian siblings. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;\n131:504\u2013509."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b09","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"82","article-title":"The value of twins in dental research","volume":"48","author":"Townsend","year":"2003","unstructured":"Townsend\n GC,\n \n \n Richards\n L,\n \n \n Hughes\n T,\n \n \n Pinkerton\n S,\n \n \n Schwerdt\n W.\n \n \n The value of twins in dental research. Aust Dent J. 2003;\n48:82\u201388."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b10","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics","author":"Proffit","year":"2013","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n Fields\n H,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics\n . 5th ed. St Louis, Mo: Elsevier, Mosby; 2013."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b11","series-title":"Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery","author":"Kau","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kau\n CH,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n \n Three-Dimensional Imaging for Orthodontics and Maxillofacial Surgery\n . Ames, Ia: Wiley Blackwell; 2010."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"416","article-title":"The use of three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics","volume":"28","author":"Moss","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moss\n JP.\n \n \n The use of three-dimensional imaging in orthodontics. Eur J Orthod. 2006;\n28:416\u2013425."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b13","series-title":"Int J Med Robot","first-page":"97","article-title":"Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery","volume":"3","author":"Kau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kau\n CH,\n \n \n Richmond\n S,\n \n \n Incrapera\n A,\n \n \n English\n J,\n \n \n Xia\n JJ.\n \n \n Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot. 2007;\n3:97\u2013110."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b14","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"242","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on facial soft tissues","volume":"77","author":"Dindaro\u011flu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu\n F,\n \n \n Duran\n GS,\n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc\n S.\n \n \n Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on facial soft tissues. J Orofac Orthop. 2016;\n77:242\u2013250."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b15","series-title":"Dent 3000","first-page":"1:14","article-title":"Heritability of face shape in twins: a preliminary study using 3D stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometrics","author":"Weinberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weinberg\n SM,\n \n \n Parsons\n TE,\n \n \n Marazita\n ML,\n \n \n Maher\n BS.\n \n \n Heritability of face shape in twins: a preliminary study using 3D stereophotogrammetry and geometric morphometrics. Dent 3000. 2013;1:14."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b16","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0162250","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study","volume":"11","author":"Djordjevic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Djordjevic\n J,\n \n \n Zhurov\n AI,\n \n \n Richmond\n S.\n \n \n Genetic and environmental contributions to facial morphological variation: a 3D population-based twin study. PLoS One. 2016;\n11:e0162250."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b17","series-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet","first-page":"306","article-title":"Comparing facial 3D analysis with DNA testing to determine zygosities of twins","volume":"18","author":"Vuollo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vuollo\n V,\n \n \n Sidlauskas\n M,\n \n \n Sidlauskas\n A,\n \n et al.\n \n Comparing facial 3D analysis with DNA testing to determine zygosities of twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2015;\n18:306\u2013313."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b18","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"323","article-title":"3D soft\u2010tissue evaluation of a Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expander and face mask in pre\u2010pubertal phase\u2014a retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Krneta \u0110oki\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Krneta \u0110oki\u0107\n B,\n \n \n Zhurov\n A,\n \n \n Richmond\n S,\n \n \n Verdenik\n I,\n \n \n Ovsenik\n M.\n \n \n 3D soft\u2010tissue evaluation of a Class III treatment with rapid maxillary expander and face mask in pre\u2010pubertal phase\u2014a retrospective cohort study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2020;\n23:323\u2013331."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"487","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry","volume":"86","author":"Dindaro\u011flu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dindaro\u011flu\n F,\n \n \n Kutlu\n P,\n \n \n Duran\n GS,\n \n \n G\u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc\n S,\n \n \n Aslan\n E.\n \n \n Accuracy and reliability of 3D stereophotogrammetry: a comparison to direct anthropometry and 2D photogrammetry. Angle Orthod. 2016;\n86:487\u2013494."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b20","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Reproducibility and reliability of three-dimensional soft tissue landmark identification using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry","volume":"86","author":"Baysal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baysal\n A,\n \n \n Sahan\n AO,\n \n \n Ozturk\n MA,\n \n \n Uysal\n T.\n \n \n Reproducibility and reliability of three-dimensional soft tissue landmark identification using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Angle Orthod. 2016;\n86:1004\u20131009."},{"key":"i1945-7103-93-6-706-b21","series-title":"J Dent","first-page":"130","article-title":"Reproducibility of natural head position","volume":"19","author":"Chiu","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chiu\n C,\n \n \n Clark\n R.\n \n \n Reproducibility of natural head position. 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