{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T22:24:35Z","timestamp":1783722275077,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Objective: To investigate which hard and soft tissue factors relate with the amount of buccal corridor area (BCA) during posed smiling.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Materials and Methods: The samples consisted of 92 adult patients (19 men and 73 women; 56 four first bicuspids extraction and 36 nonextraction treatment cases; mean age = 23.5 years), who were treated only with a fixed appliance and finished with Angle Class I canine and molar relationships. To eliminate the crowding effect on the buccal corridor area, lateral cephalograms, dental casts, and standardized frontal posed smile photographs were obtained at debonding stage and 28 variables were measured. Pearson correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis, and independent t-test were used to find variables that were related with buccal corridor area ratio (BCAR).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Results: Among the lateral cephalometric and dental cast variables, FMA, lower anterior facial height, upper incisor (U1) exposure, U1 to facial plane, lower incisor (L1) to mandibular plane, L1 to N-B, Sn (subnasale) to soft tissue menton (Me\u2032), Sn to stomodium superius (stms), stms to Me\u2032, and interpremolar width were significantly negatively correlated with BCAR. Occlusal plane inclination and buccal corridor linear ratio did not show any significant correlation with BCAR. Multiple linear regression analysis generated a three-variable model: Sn to Me\u2032, U1 exposure, and sum of tooth material (STM) (R2 = 0.324). There was no significant difference in BCAR between extraction and nonextraction groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Conclusions: To control the amount of BCA for achieving a better esthetic smile, it is necessary to observe the vertical pattern of the face, amount of upper incisor exposure, and sum of the tooth material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/120906-502.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,15]],"date-time":"2007-08-15T16:52:29Z","timestamp":1187196749000},"page":"5-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Which Hard and Soft Tissue Factors Relate with the Amount of Buccal Corridor Space during Smiling?"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Il-Hyung","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"a Graduate student (PhD), Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Seok","family":"Nahm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"b Professor Emeritus, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul Bareum Dental Clinic, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Hak","family":"Baek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"c Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(58)90178-7","article-title":"The integumental profile.","volume":"44","author":"Burstone","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(60)90172-X","article-title":"Cephalometric synthesis.","volume":"46","author":"Ricketts","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(66)90250-8","article-title":"The profile line as an aid in critically evaluating facial esthetics.","volume":"52","author":"Merrifield","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90021-4","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of dentofacial normals.","volume":"78","author":"Scheideman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(83)90144-6","article-title":"A soft-tissue cephalometric analysis and its use in orthodontic treatment planning. Part I.","volume":"84","author":"Holdaway","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b6","article-title":"Proportions of the Aesthetic Face.","author":"Powell"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0889-5406(93)70010-L","article-title":"Facial keys to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Part I.","volume":"103","author":"Arnett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70234-9","article-title":"Soft tissue cephalometric analysis: diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformity.","volume":"116","author":"Arnett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2000.tb00198.x","article-title":"The soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a new view for a new century.","volume":"12","author":"Proffit","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1997.tb00921.x","article-title":"Esthetic preference of the frontal and profile views of the same smile.","volume":"9","author":"Kerns","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.1999.2.2.49","article-title":"The emerging soft tissue paradigm in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.","volume":"2","author":"Ackerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Orthod Res"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b12","first-page":"221","article-title":"Smile analysis and design in the digital era.","volume":"36","author":"Ackerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(03)00306-8","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 1. Evolution of the concept and dynamic records for smile capture.","volume":"124","author":"Sarver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(03)00307-X","article-title":"Dynamic smile visualization and quantification: part 2. Smile analysis and treatment strategies.","volume":"124","author":"Sarver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b15","first-page":"43","article-title":"An evaluation of dynamic lip-tooth characteristics during speech and smile in adolescents.","volume":"74","author":"Ackerman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(70)90260-5","article-title":"An esthetic evaluation of lip-teeth relationships present in the smile.","volume":"57","author":"Hulsey","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b17","first-page":"233","article-title":"The influence of facial animation in smile characteristics.","volume":"3","author":"Rigsbee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b18","first-page":"70","article-title":"Smile design terminology.","volume":"15","author":"Morley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dent Today"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.1998.1.1.2","article-title":"A morphometric analysis of the posed smile.","volume":"1","author":"Ackerman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Orthod Res"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.03.009","article-title":"Buccal smile corridors.","volume":"74","author":"Ackerman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b21","first-page":"198","article-title":"Esthetic influence of negative space in the buccal corridor during smiling.","volume":"76","author":"Ritter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b22","first-page":"557","article-title":"Attractiveness of variations in the smile arc and buccal corridor space as judged by orthodontists and laymen.","volume":"76","author":"Parekh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(73)80013-7","article-title":"The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics.","volume":"29","author":"Lombardi","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(99)70227-1","article-title":"Class II malocclusion correction: an American board of orthodontics case.","volume":"116","author":"Snyder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(00)70202-2","article-title":"Maxillary transverse deficiency.","volume":"117","author":"McNamara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-5406(97)70294-4","article-title":"Emerging paradigms in orthodontics\u2014an essay.","volume":"111","author":"Ghafari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.1999.tb00397.x","article-title":"Esthetic smile analysis of maxillary anterior tooth width: the golden percentage.","volume":"11","author":"Snow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Esthet Dent"},{"key":"2020042120410568400_i0003-3219-078-01-0005-b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2002.tb00155.x","article-title":"Esthetic treatment planning: the grid analysis system.","volume":"14","author":"Naylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/1\/5\/1384955\/120906-502_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/78\/1\/5\/1384955\/120906-502_1.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T16:12:29Z","timestamp":1746634349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/78\/1\/article-p5.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/120906-502.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]}}}