{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:50:34Z","timestamp":1787025034833,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n To examine the expression of possible secular trend in timing of the emergence of permanent teeth in Finnish children over the past few decades, considering the differences between genders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Two age groups of Finnish children, one born in 1976\u20131985 (group 1980) and the other born in 1999\u20132002 (group 2000), were examined. Group 2000 comprised 483 children (235 girls and 248 boys) aged 6.4 to 8.5 years at the time of the examination, and the same children were examined at the age of 9.0 to 11.8 years. Altogether 405 children could be recalled, 196 girls and 209 boys. For comparison, matching age groups were selected from the group 1980 data (n\u200a=\u200a1579), resulting in a sample of 312 children (155 girls and 157 boys) aged 6.4 to 8.5 years and 393 children aged 9.0 to 11.8 years. The emergence stage of each permanent tooth was determined clinically (Grades 0\u20133), based on which the subjects were furthermore divided according to the emergence stage of the dentition.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n Linear regression models showed that the permanent teeth of the first phase of the mixed dentition erupted earlier in group 2000 than in group1980, but the teeth of the second phase of the mixed dentition erupted later in group 2000. Girls showed more advanced tooth eruption than boys.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n The longer duration of mixed dentition in group 2000 than in group 1980 makes the duration of combined follow-up and active treatment longer, and should be considered in timing of efficient orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121014-894.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,29]],"date-time":"2015-04-29T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1430303987000},"page":"53-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Secular trends affect timing of emergence of permanent teeth"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ritva","family":"Eskeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, PhD student, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matias","family":"L\u00f6s\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental student, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Ik\u00e4valko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Myllykangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Coordinator, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Lakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maija T.","family":"Laine-Alava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Secular trend in tooth eruption: a comparative study of Danish schoolchildren of 1913 and 1965","volume":"14","author":"Helm\n S.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Helm\n S. \n \n Secular trend in tooth eruption: a comparative study of Danish schoolchildren of 1913 and 1965. Arch Oral Biol. 1969;14:1179\u20131191."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"39","article-title":"New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children","volume":"48","author":"Diamanti\n J,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diamanti\n J, \n \n Townsend\n GC. \n \n New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children. Aust Dent J. 2003;48:39\u201342."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"755","article-title":"Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India","volume":"22","author":"Lakshmappa\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lakshmappa\n A, \n \n Guledgud\n MV, \n \n Patil\n K. \n \n Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22:755\u2013763."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"122","article-title":"Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population","volume":"57","author":"Shaweesh\n AI.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaweesh\n AI. \n \n Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:122\u2013130."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Stomatologija","first-page":"67","article-title":"Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one \u2013 general factors","volume":"12","author":"Almonaitiene\n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almonaitiene\n R, \n \n Balciuniene\n I, \n \n Tutkuviene\n J. \n \n Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one \u2013 general factors. Stomatologija. 2010;12:67\u201372."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"15","article-title":"Weight, height and eruption times of permanent teeth of children aged 4-15 years in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Kutesa\n A,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kutesa\n A, \n \n Nkamba\n EM, \n \n Muwazi\n L, \n \n Buwembo\n W, \n \n Rwenyonyi\n CM. \n \n Weight, height and eruption times of permanent teeth of children aged 4-15 years in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:15."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"432","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4-15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Moslemi\n M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moslemi\n M. \n \n An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4-15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14:432\u2013438."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children","volume":"30","author":"Mugonzibwa\n EA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mugonzibwa\n EA, \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM, \n \n Laine-Alava\n MT, \n \n van\u2019t Hof\n MA. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:455\u2013462."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"529","article-title":"Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Finnish children","volume":"69","author":"Eskeli\n R,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eskeli\n R, \n \n Laine-Alava\n MT, \n \n Hausen\n H, \n \n Pahkala\n R. \n \n Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Finnish children. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:529\u2013533."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Ann Hum Biol","first-page":"425","article-title":"Ages of eruptions of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children","volume":"8","author":"Hassanali\n J,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hassanali\n J, \n \n Odhiambo\n JW. \n \n Ages of eruptions of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children. Ann Hum Biol. 1981;8:425\u2013434."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children","volume":"12","author":"H\u00f6ffding\n J,","year":"1984","unstructured":"H\u00f6ffding\n J, \n \n Maeda\n M, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n et al\n . Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984;12:55\u201358."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"341","article-title":"Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in a rural community in northeastern Finland","volume":"49","author":"Pahkala\n R,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pahkala\n R, \n \n Pahkala\n A, \n \n Laine\n T. \n \n Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in a rural community in northeastern Finland. Acta Odontol Scand. 1991;49:341\u2013349."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Stomatologija","first-page":"93","article-title":"Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city","volume":"14","author":"Almonaitiene\n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Almonaitiene\n R, \n \n Balciuniene\n I, \n \n Tutkuviene\n J. \n \n Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city. Stomatologija. 2012;14:93\u2013100."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"N Z Dent J","first-page":"55","article-title":"The age of permanent tooth emergence in children of different ethnic origin in the Auckland region: a cross-sectional study","volume":"108","author":"Kanagaratnam\n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kanagaratnam\n S, \n \n Schluter\n PJ. \n \n The age of permanent tooth emergence in children of different ethnic origin in the Auckland region: a cross-sectional study. N Z Dent J. 2012;108:55\u201361."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"49","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth and dental age in a series of Finns","volume":"59","author":"Nystr\u00f6m\n M,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m\n M, \n \n Kleemola-Kujala\n E, \n \n Ev\u00e4lahti\n M, \n \n Peck\n L, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth and dental age in a series of Finns. Acta Odontol Scand. 2001;59:49\u201356."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Craniofacial morphology but not excess body fat is associated with risk of having sleep-disordered breathing\u2014the PANIC Study (a questionnaire-based inquiry in 6-8-year-olds)","volume":"171","author":"Ik\u00e4valko\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ik\u00e4valko\n T, \n \n Tuomilehto\n H, \n \n Pahkala\n R, \n et al\n . Craniofacial morphology but not excess body fat is associated with risk of having sleep-disordered breathing\u2014the PANIC Study (a questionnaire-based inquiry in 6-8-year-olds). Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1747\u20131752."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Orofac Pain","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders and various pain conditions among children 6 to 8 years of age: the PANIC study","volume":"26","author":"Vierola\n A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vierola\n A, \n \n Suominen\n AL, \n \n Ikavalko\n T, \n et al\n . Clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders and various pain conditions among children 6 to 8 years of age: the PANIC study. J Orofac Pain. 2012;26:17\u201325."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children","volume":"13","author":"Laine\n MT,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Laine\n MT, \n \n Warren\n DW. \n \n Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13:311\u2013316."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Open Dent J","first-page":"59","article-title":"Association of examination rates with children\u2019s national caries indices in Finland","volume":"3","author":"Suominen-Taipale\n AL,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suominen-Taipale\n AL, \n \n Widstr\u00f6m\n E, \n \n Sund\n R. \n \n Association of examination rates with children\u2019s national caries indices in Finland. Open Dent J. 2009;3:59\u201367."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Dent Child","first-page":"208","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth: secular trends and variance in modern sample","volume":"70","author":"Rousset\n MM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rousset\n MM, \n \n Boualam\n N, \n \n Delfosse\n C, \n \n Roberts\n WE. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth: secular trends and variance in modern sample. J Dent Child. 2003;70:208\u2013214."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Etudes Statistiques de l\u2019Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques","article-title":"Enqu\u00edte sur les \u00e2ges d\u2019\u00e9ruption dentaire","author":"Tisserand-Perrier\n M.","unstructured":"Tisserand-Perrier\n M. \n \n Enqu\u00edte sur les \u00e2ges d\u2019\u00e9ruption dentaire. Etudes Statistiques de l\u2019Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. 1958;2."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Arch Kriminol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and adolescents of Paderborn, Westphalia, Germany [in German]","volume":"217","author":"Friedrich\n RE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedrich\n RE, \n \n Katerji\n H, \n \n Wedl\n JS, \n \n Scheuer\n HA. \n \n Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and adolescents of Paderborn, Westphalia, Germany [in German]. Arch Kriminol. 2006;217:20\u201335."},{"key":"r23","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"E10","article-title":"A cross-sectional survey to determine the ages of emergence of permanent teeth of Caucasian children of the Colchester area of the UK","volume":"209","author":"Elmes\n A,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elmes\n A, \n \n Dykes\n E, \n \n Cookson\n MJ. \n \n A cross-sectional survey to determine the ages of emergence of permanent teeth of Caucasian children of the Colchester area of the UK. Br Dent J. 2010;209:E10."},{"key":"r24","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"30","article-title":"The emergence of permanent teeth in Flemish children","volume":"31","author":"Leroy\n R,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Leroy\n R, \n \n Bogaerts\n K, \n \n Lesaffre\n E, \n \n Declerck\n D. \n \n The emergence of permanent teeth in Flemish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31:30\u201339."},{"key":"r25","series-title":"Coll Antropol","first-page":"137","article-title":"Chronology, dynamics and period of permanent tooth eruption in Zagreb children (Part II)","volume":"24","author":"Rajik\n Z,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rajik\n Z, \n \n Raji\u0107-Mestrovi\u0107\n S, \n \n Verzak\n Z. \n \n Chronology, dynamics and period of permanent tooth eruption in Zagreb children (Part II). Coll Antropol. 2000;24:137\u2013143."},{"key":"r26","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"122","article-title":"Timing of permanent tooth emergence in Danish children","volume":"2","author":"Helm\n S,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Helm\n S, \n \n Seidler\n B. \n \n Timing of permanent tooth emergence in Danish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1974;2:122\u2013129."},{"key":"r27","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"347","article-title":"Eruption chronology of the permanent dentition in Spanish children","volume":"32","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez\n M,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez\n M, \n \n Espasa\n E, \n \n Boj\n JR. \n \n Eruption chronology of the permanent dentition in Spanish children. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2008;32:347\u2013350."},{"key":"r28","series-title":"Swed Dent J","first-page":"195","article-title":"Timing of tooth emergence. A prospective longitudinal study of Swedish urban children from birth to 18 years","volume":"10","author":"H\u00e4gg\n U,","year":"1986","unstructured":"H\u00e4gg\n U, \n \n Taranger\n J. \n \n Timing of tooth emergence. A prospective longitudinal study of Swedish urban children from birth to 18 years. Swed Dent J. 1986;10:195\u2013206."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Secular trend in tooth eruption: a comparative study of Danish schoolchildren of 1913 and 1965","volume":"14","author":"Helm\n S.","year":"1969","unstructured":"Helm\n S. \n \n Secular trend in tooth eruption: a comparative study of Danish schoolchildren of 1913 and 1965. Arch Oral Biol. 1969;14:1179\u20131191."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"39","article-title":"New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children","volume":"48","author":"Diamanti\n J,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diamanti\n J, \n \n Townsend\n GC. \n \n New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children. Aust Dent J. 2003;48:39\u201342."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"Indian J Dent Res","first-page":"755","article-title":"Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India","volume":"22","author":"Lakshmappa\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lakshmappa\n A, \n \n Guledgud\n MV, \n \n Patil\n K. \n \n Eruption times and patterns of permanent teeth in school children of India. Indian J Dent Res. 2011;22:755\u2013763."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"122","article-title":"Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population","volume":"57","author":"Shaweesh\n AI.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shaweesh\n AI. \n \n Timing and sequence of emergence of permanent teeth in the Jordanian population. Arch Oral Biol. 2012;57:122\u2013130."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"Stomatologija","first-page":"67","article-title":"Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one \u2013 general factors","volume":"12","author":"Almonaitiene\n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Almonaitiene\n R, \n \n Balciuniene\n I, \n \n Tutkuviene\n J. \n \n Factors influencing permanent teeth eruption. Part one \u2013 general factors. Stomatologija. 2010;12:67\u201372."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"15","article-title":"Weight, height and eruption times of permanent teeth of children aged 4-15 years in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Kutesa\n A,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kutesa\n A, \n \n Nkamba\n EM, \n \n Muwazi\n L, \n \n Buwembo\n W, \n \n Rwenyonyi\n CM. \n \n Weight, height and eruption times of permanent teeth of children aged 4-15 years in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Oral Health. 2013;13:15."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent","first-page":"432","article-title":"An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4-15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran","volume":"14","author":"Moslemi\n M.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moslemi\n M. \n \n An epidemiological survey of the time and sequence of eruption of permanent teeth in 4-15-year-olds in Tehran, Iran. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2004;14:432\u2013438."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"455","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children","volume":"30","author":"Mugonzibwa\n EA,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mugonzibwa\n EA, \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM, \n \n Laine-Alava\n MT, \n \n van\u2019t Hof\n MA. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth in Tanzanian children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002;30:455\u2013462."},{"key":"r9","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"529","article-title":"Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Finnish children","volume":"69","author":"Eskeli\n R,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Eskeli\n R, \n \n Laine-Alava\n MT, \n \n Hausen\n H, \n \n Pahkala\n R. \n \n Standards for permanent tooth emergence in Finnish children. Angle Orthod. 1999;69:529\u2013533."},{"key":"r10","series-title":"Ann Hum Biol","first-page":"425","article-title":"Ages of eruptions of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children","volume":"8","author":"Hassanali\n J,","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hassanali\n J, \n \n Odhiambo\n JW. \n \n Ages of eruptions of the permanent teeth in Kenyan African and Asian children. Ann Hum Biol. 1981;8:425\u2013434."},{"key":"r11","series-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children","volume":"12","author":"H\u00f6ffding\n J,","year":"1984","unstructured":"H\u00f6ffding\n J, \n \n Maeda\n M, \n \n Yamaguchi\n K, \n et al\n . Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in Japanese children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1984;12:55\u201358."},{"key":"r12","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"341","article-title":"Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in a rural community in northeastern Finland","volume":"49","author":"Pahkala\n R,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pahkala\n R, \n \n Pahkala\n A, \n \n Laine\n T. \n \n Eruption pattern of permanent teeth in a rural community in northeastern Finland. Acta Odontol Scand. 1991;49:341\u2013349."},{"key":"r13","series-title":"Stomatologija","first-page":"93","article-title":"Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city","volume":"14","author":"Almonaitiene\n R,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Almonaitiene\n R, \n \n Balciuniene\n I, \n \n Tutkuviene\n J. \n \n Standards for permanent teeth emergence time and sequence in Lithuanian children, residents of Vilnius city. Stomatologija. 2012;14:93\u2013100."},{"key":"r14","series-title":"N Z Dent J","first-page":"55","article-title":"The age of permanent tooth emergence in children of different ethnic origin in the Auckland region: a cross-sectional study","volume":"108","author":"Kanagaratnam\n S,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kanagaratnam\n S, \n \n Schluter\n PJ. \n \n The age of permanent tooth emergence in children of different ethnic origin in the Auckland region: a cross-sectional study. N Z Dent J. 2012;108:55\u201361."},{"key":"r15","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"49","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth and dental age in a series of Finns","volume":"59","author":"Nystr\u00f6m\n M,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nystr\u00f6m\n M, \n \n Kleemola-Kujala\n E, \n \n Ev\u00e4lahti\n M, \n \n Peck\n L, \n \n Kataja\n M. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth and dental age in a series of Finns. Acta Odontol Scand. 2001;59:49\u201356."},{"key":"r16","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Craniofacial morphology but not excess body fat is associated with risk of having sleep-disordered breathing\u2014the PANIC Study (a questionnaire-based inquiry in 6-8-year-olds)","volume":"171","author":"Ik\u00e4valko\n T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ik\u00e4valko\n T, \n \n Tuomilehto\n H, \n \n Pahkala\n R, \n et al\n . Craniofacial morphology but not excess body fat is associated with risk of having sleep-disordered breathing\u2014the PANIC Study (a questionnaire-based inquiry in 6-8-year-olds). Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1747\u20131752."},{"key":"r17","series-title":"J Orofac Pain","first-page":"17","article-title":"Clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders and various pain conditions among children 6 to 8 years of age: the PANIC study","volume":"26","author":"Vierola\n A,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vierola\n A, \n \n Suominen\n AL, \n \n Ikavalko\n T, \n et al\n . Clinical signs of temporomandibular disorders and various pain conditions among children 6 to 8 years of age: the PANIC study. J Orofac Pain. 2012;26:17\u201325."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"311","article-title":"Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children","volume":"13","author":"Laine\n MT,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Laine\n MT, \n \n Warren\n DW. \n \n Effects of age, gender, and body size on nasal cross-sectional area in children. Eur J Orthod. 1991;13:311\u2013316."},{"key":"r19","series-title":"Open Dent J","first-page":"59","article-title":"Association of examination rates with children\u2019s national caries indices in Finland","volume":"3","author":"Suominen-Taipale\n AL,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suominen-Taipale\n AL, \n \n Widstr\u00f6m\n E, \n \n Sund\n R. \n \n Association of examination rates with children\u2019s national caries indices in Finland. Open Dent J. 2009;3:59\u201367."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"J Dent Child","first-page":"208","article-title":"Emergence of permanent teeth: secular trends and variance in modern sample","volume":"70","author":"Rousset\n MM,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rousset\n MM, \n \n Boualam\n N, \n \n Delfosse\n C, \n \n Roberts\n WE. \n \n Emergence of permanent teeth: secular trends and variance in modern sample. J Dent Child. 2003;70:208\u2013214."},{"key":"r21","series-title":"Etudes Statistiques de l\u2019Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques","article-title":"Enqu\u00edte sur les \u00e2ges d\u2019\u00e9ruption dentaire","author":"Tisserand-Perrier\n M.","unstructured":"Tisserand-Perrier\n M. \n \n Enqu\u00edte sur les \u00e2ges d\u2019\u00e9ruption dentaire. Etudes Statistiques de l\u2019Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. 1958;2."},{"key":"r22","series-title":"Arch Kriminol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and adolescents of Paderborn, Westphalia, Germany [in German]","volume":"217","author":"Friedrich\n RE,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Friedrich\n RE, \n \n Katerji\n H, \n \n Wedl\n JS, \n \n Scheuer\n HA. \n \n Eruption times of permanent teeth in children and adolescents of Paderborn, Westphalia, Germany [in German]. 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