{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T11:21:29Z","timestamp":1791890489955,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the changes in position of the maxillary dentition and the airway space after distalization using a modified C-palatal plate (MCPP) in adult patients through CBCT images and to analyze the relationship between the amount of distalization and the changes in the airway space.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n CBCT images of 33 adult Class II patients (22.2 \u00b1 4.0 years old; 27 women and 6 men) treated by total maxillary arch distalization using the MCPP were evaluated before and after distalization. The patients were divided into nonextraction and extraction groups. The changes in the airway space as well as the changes in the positions of the maxillary dentition were evaluated. The distalization effects were calculated and assessed using paired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n After distalization, the first molar showed significant distalization and intrusion (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) with no significant rotation of the crown and no significant buccal displacement of its root in the transverse dimension. There were no significant changes in the airway volume or the minimum cross-sectional area of the oropharynx.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The application of the MCPP resulted in significant total arch distalization without a significant effect on the transverse dimensions or changes in the oropharynx airway space. The MCPP can be considered a viable treatment option for patients with Class II malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121116-889.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,16]],"date-time":"2018-01-16T13:04:23Z","timestamp":1516107863000},"page":"187-194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary dentoalveolar changes and airway space after distalization in adults"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Postgraduate Orthodontic Program, Arizona School of Dentistry & Oral Health, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA."},{"name":"International Scholar, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungkon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bayome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Assistant Professor, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."},{"name":"Visiting Professor, Department of Postgraduate Studies, Universidad Auton\u00f3ma del Paraguay, Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Ah","family":"Kook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihee","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"674","article-title":"Sagittal correction of adolescent patients with modified palatal anchorage plate appliances","volume":"148","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Ahn \n CS.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Sagittal correction of adolescent patients with modified palatal anchorage plate appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:674\u2013684."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b02","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"187","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class ii adolescent with anterior open bite using mini-screws and modified palatal anchorage plate","volume":"39","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Ahn \n CS.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class ii adolescent with anterior open bite using mini-screws and modified palatal anchorage plate. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;39:187\u2013192."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates","volume":"148","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Sa'aed \n NL.\n \n \n Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:310\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"657","article-title":"Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Sa'aed \n NL.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sa'aed \n NL.\n \n \n Park \n CO.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:657\u2013664."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Treatment effects of a modified palatal anchorage plate for distalization evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"146","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Trang \n VT.\n \n et al. \n Treatment effects of a modified palatal anchorage plate for distalization evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:47\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"82","author":"Wang \n Q.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang \n Q.\n \n \n Jia \n P.\n \n \n Anderson \n NK.\n \n \n Wang \n L.\n \n \n Lin \n J.\n \n \n Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:115\u2013121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients","volume":"82","author":"Chen \n Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen \n Y.\n \n \n Hong \n L.\n \n \n Wang \n CL.\n \n et al. \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:964\u2013970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"515","article-title":"Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage","volume":"33","author":"Germec-Cakan \n D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan \n D.\n \n \n Taner \n T.\n \n \n Akan \n S.\n \n \n Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:515\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b09","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"561","article-title":"Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"20","author":"Guilleminault \n C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guilleminault \n C.\n \n \n Abad \n VC.\n \n \n Chiu \n HY.\n \n \n Peters \n B.\n \n \n Quo \n S.\n \n \n Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2016;20:561\u2013568."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b10","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Evidence supports no relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and premolar extraction: an electronic health records review","volume":"11","author":"Larsen \n AJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larsen \n AJ.\n \n \n Rindal \n DB.\n \n \n Hatch \n JP.\n \n et al. \n Evidence supports no relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and premolar extraction: an electronic health records review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:1443\u20131448."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b11","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"241","article-title":"Design improvements in the modified C-palatal plate for molar distalization","volume":"47","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Lee \n DH.\n \n \n Kim \n SH.\n \n \n Chung \n KR.\n \n \n Design improvements in the modified C-palatal plate for molar distalization. J Clin Orthod. 2013;47:241\u2013248; quiz 267\u2013248."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Three-dimensional multislice computed tomography registration evaluation","volume":"82","author":"Chen \n Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen \n Y.\n \n \n Hong \n L.\n \n \n Wang \n CL.\n \n et al. \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Three-dimensional multislice computed tomography registration evaluation. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:964\u2013970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"502","article-title":"Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance","volume":"130","author":"Fuziy \n A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuziy \n A.\n \n \n Rodrigues de Almeida \n R.\n \n \n Janson \n G.\n \n \n Angelieri \n F.\n \n \n Pinzan \n A.\n \n \n Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:502\u2013510."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"425","article-title":"The effects of cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in the permanent dentition","volume":"30","author":"Varlik \n SK.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Varlik \n SK.\n \n \n Iscan \n HN.\n \n \n The effects of cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in the permanent dentition. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:425\u2013430."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b15","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"96","article-title":"Comparison of transverse dental changes induced by the palatally applied Frog appliance and buccally applied Karad's integrated distalizing system","volume":"46","author":"Uzuner \n FD.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uzuner \n FD.\n \n \n Kaygisiz \n E.\n \n \n Unver \n F.\n \n \n Tortop \n T.\n \n \n Comparison of transverse dental changes induced by the palatally applied Frog appliance and buccally applied Karad's integrated distalizing system. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:96\u2013103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b16","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"290","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element analysis of molar distalization with a palatal plate, pendulum, and headgear according to molar eruption stage","volume":"46","author":"Kang \n JM.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang \n JM.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n et al. \n A three-dimensional finite element analysis of molar distalization with a palatal plate, pendulum, and headgear according to molar eruption stage. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:290\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b17","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of molar distalization therapy using pendulum and distal screw appliances","volume":"45","author":"Caprioglio \n A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caprioglio \n A.\n \n \n Cafagna \n A.\n \n \n Fontana \n M.\n \n \n Cozzani \n M.\n \n \n Comparative evaluation of molar distalization therapy using pendulum and distal screw appliances. Korean J Orthod. 2015;45:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"361e","article-title":"Effect of bimaxillary rotational setback surgery on upper airway structure in skeletal Class III deformities","volume":"135","author":"Hsieh \n YJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsieh \n YJ.\n \n \n Chen \n YC.\n \n \n Chen \n YA.\n \n \n Liao \n YF.\n \n \n Chen \n YR.\n \n \n Effect of bimaxillary rotational setback surgery on upper airway structure in skeletal Class III deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:361e\u2013369e."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b19","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"336","article-title":"Use of 3-dimensional computed tomography scan to evaluate upper airway patency for patients undergoing sleep-disordered breathing surgery","volume":"129","author":"Li \n HY.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li \n HY.\n \n \n Chen \n NH.\n \n \n Wang \n CR.\n \n \n Shu \n YH.\n \n \n Wang \n PC.\n \n \n Use of 3-dimensional computed tomography scan to evaluate upper airway patency for patients undergoing sleep-disordered breathing surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:336\u2013342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b20","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"103","author":"Ogawa \n T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogawa \n T.\n \n \n Enciso \n R.\n \n \n Shintaku \n WH.\n \n \n Clark \n GT.\n \n \n Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:102\u2013108."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"364","article-title":"Three-dimensional CT reconstructions of tongue and airway in adult subjects with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"90","author":"Lowe \n AA.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lowe \n AA.\n \n \n Gionhaku \n N.\n \n \n Takeuchi \n K.\n \n \n Fleetham \n JA.\n \n \n Three-dimensional CT reconstructions of tongue and airway in adult subjects with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1986;90:364\u2013374."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"674","article-title":"Sagittal correction of adolescent patients with modified palatal anchorage plate appliances","volume":"148","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Ahn \n CS.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Sagittal correction of adolescent patients with modified palatal anchorage plate appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:674\u2013684."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b02","series-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent","first-page":"187","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class ii adolescent with anterior open bite using mini-screws and modified palatal anchorage plate","volume":"39","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Ahn \n CS.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Orthodontic treatment of skeletal Class ii adolescent with anterior open bite using mini-screws and modified palatal anchorage plate. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;39:187\u2013192."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"310","article-title":"Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates","volume":"148","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Sa'aed \n NL.\n \n \n Correction of severe bimaxillary protrusion with first premolar extractions and total arch distalization with palatal anchorage plates. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:310\u2013320."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"657","article-title":"Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Sa'aed \n NL.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sa'aed \n NL.\n \n \n Park \n CO.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Kim \n Y.\n \n \n Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Skeletal and dental effects of molar distalization using a modified palatal anchorage plate in adolescents. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:657\u2013664."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"47","article-title":"Treatment effects of a modified palatal anchorage plate for distalization evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"146","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n \n Trang \n VT.\n \n et al. \n Treatment effects of a modified palatal anchorage plate for distalization evaluated with cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;146:47\u201354."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"115","article-title":"Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion","volume":"82","author":"Wang \n Q.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang \n Q.\n \n \n Jia \n P.\n \n \n Anderson \n NK.\n \n \n Wang \n L.\n \n \n Lin \n J.\n \n \n Changes of pharyngeal airway size and hyoid bone position following orthodontic treatment of Class I bimaxillary protrusion. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:115\u2013121."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients","volume":"82","author":"Chen \n Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen \n Y.\n \n \n Hong \n L.\n \n \n Wang \n CL.\n \n et al. \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:964\u2013970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b08","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"515","article-title":"Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage","volume":"33","author":"Germec-Cakan \n D.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan \n D.\n \n \n Taner \n T.\n \n \n Akan \n S.\n \n \n Uvulo-glossopharyngeal dimensions in non-extraction, extraction with minimum anchorage, and extraction with maximum anchorage. Eur J Orthod. 2011;33:515\u2013520."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b09","series-title":"Sleep Breath","first-page":"561","article-title":"Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"20","author":"Guilleminault \n C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guilleminault \n C.\n \n \n Abad \n VC.\n \n \n Chiu \n HY.\n \n \n Peters \n B.\n \n \n Quo \n S.\n \n \n Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath. 2016;20:561\u2013568."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b10","series-title":"J Clin Sleep Med","first-page":"1443","article-title":"Evidence supports no relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and premolar extraction: an electronic health records review","volume":"11","author":"Larsen \n AJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larsen \n AJ.\n \n \n Rindal \n DB.\n \n \n Hatch \n JP.\n \n et al. \n Evidence supports no relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and premolar extraction: an electronic health records review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2015;11:1443\u20131448."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b11","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"241","article-title":"Design improvements in the modified C-palatal plate for molar distalization","volume":"47","author":"Kook \n YA.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kook \n YA.\n \n \n Lee \n DH.\n \n \n Kim \n SH.\n \n \n Chung \n KR.\n \n \n Design improvements in the modified C-palatal plate for molar distalization. J Clin Orthod. 2013;47:241\u2013248; quiz 267\u2013248."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b12","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"964","article-title":"Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Three-dimensional multislice computed tomography registration evaluation","volume":"82","author":"Chen \n Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen \n Y.\n \n \n Hong \n L.\n \n \n Wang \n CL.\n \n et al. \n Effect of large incisor retraction on upper airway morphology in adult bimaxillary protrusion patients. Three-dimensional multislice computed tomography registration evaluation. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:964\u2013970."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"502","article-title":"Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance","volume":"130","author":"Fuziy \n A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fuziy \n A.\n \n \n Rodrigues de Almeida \n R.\n \n \n Janson \n G.\n \n \n Angelieri \n F.\n \n \n Pinzan \n A.\n \n \n Sagittal, vertical, and transverse changes consequent to maxillary molar distalization with the pendulum appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:502\u2013510."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"425","article-title":"The effects of cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in the permanent dentition","volume":"30","author":"Varlik \n SK.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Varlik \n SK.\n \n \n Iscan \n HN.\n \n \n The effects of cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in the permanent dentition. Eur J Orthod. 2008;30:425\u2013430."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b15","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"96","article-title":"Comparison of transverse dental changes induced by the palatally applied Frog appliance and buccally applied Karad's integrated distalizing system","volume":"46","author":"Uzuner \n FD.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uzuner \n FD.\n \n \n Kaygisiz \n E.\n \n \n Unver \n F.\n \n \n Tortop \n T.\n \n \n Comparison of transverse dental changes induced by the palatally applied Frog appliance and buccally applied Karad's integrated distalizing system. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:96\u2013103."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b16","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"290","article-title":"A three-dimensional finite element analysis of molar distalization with a palatal plate, pendulum, and headgear according to molar eruption stage","volume":"46","author":"Kang \n JM.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang \n JM.\n \n \n Park \n JH.\n \n \n Bayome \n M.\n \n et al. \n A three-dimensional finite element analysis of molar distalization with a palatal plate, pendulum, and headgear according to molar eruption stage. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:290\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b17","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"171","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of molar distalization therapy using pendulum and distal screw appliances","volume":"45","author":"Caprioglio \n A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caprioglio \n A.\n \n \n Cafagna \n A.\n \n \n Fontana \n M.\n \n \n Cozzani \n M.\n \n \n Comparative evaluation of molar distalization therapy using pendulum and distal screw appliances. Korean J Orthod. 2015;45:171\u2013179."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b18","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"361e","article-title":"Effect of bimaxillary rotational setback surgery on upper airway structure in skeletal Class III deformities","volume":"135","author":"Hsieh \n YJ.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hsieh \n YJ.\n \n \n Chen \n YC.\n \n \n Chen \n YA.\n \n \n Liao \n YF.\n \n \n Chen \n YR.\n \n \n Effect of bimaxillary rotational setback surgery on upper airway structure in skeletal Class III deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2015;135:361e\u2013369e."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b19","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"336","article-title":"Use of 3-dimensional computed tomography scan to evaluate upper airway patency for patients undergoing sleep-disordered breathing surgery","volume":"129","author":"Li \n HY.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Li \n HY.\n \n \n Chen \n NH.\n \n \n Wang \n CR.\n \n \n Shu \n YH.\n \n \n Wang \n PC.\n \n \n Use of 3-dimensional computed tomography scan to evaluate upper airway patency for patients undergoing sleep-disordered breathing surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003;129:336\u2013342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-2-187-b20","series-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod","first-page":"102","article-title":"Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"103","author":"Ogawa \n T.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ogawa \n T.\n \n \n Enciso \n R.\n \n \n Shintaku \n WH.\n \n \n Clark \n GT.\n \n \n Evaluation of cross-section airway configuration of obstructive sleep apnea. 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