{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:33:01Z","timestamp":1789605181026,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine how defects in alveolar bone affect movement of teeth during orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pretreatment cone-beam computed tomography images from 26 patients: 15 females and 11 males, with a mean age of 21.5 years (SD \u00b1 3.7 years), were used to evaluate the buccal alveolar bone on the maxillary canine. Maxillary canines (n = 52) were subsequently categorized into three groups: control or no bone defects (n = 17), fenestration (n = 20), and quasidefect (n = 15). Each canine was displaced distally for 16 weeks using nickel-titanium closed coil springs (50 g) and segmental archwire mechanics. The rate and amount of tooth movement were evaluated using superimposition of lateral cephalograms and three-dimensional digital dental models between before and after canine retraction. Rate of tooth movement was evaluated among different bone defect groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rate of movement was significantly decreased in the fenestration (0.87 \u00b1 0.23 mm\/mo) and quasidefect groups (0.62 \u00b1 0.14 mm\/mo) compared to the control group (1.17 \u00b1 0.40 mm\/mo). Also, 85% of all subjects exhibited an evident asymmetric pattern of tooth movement, and 77% of these subjects presented with unilateral bone defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The type and existence of alveolar bone defects have a substantial effect on rate of tooth movement. Therefore, when conducting orthodontic tooth movement investigations and planning orthodontic treatment, it is important to consider the existence of alveolar bone defects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121224-1019.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T20:31:26Z","timestamp":1748377886000},"page":"522-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Alveolar bone defects influence rate of tooth movement"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Nawaporn","family":"Ritwiroon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boonsiva","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo Yugo","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Bangkokthonburi University, Bangkok, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Bone dehiscence formation during orthodontic tooth movement through atrophic alveolar ridges","volume":"90","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos AL,\nDos Santos MC,\nde Almeida MR,\nMir CF. Bone dehiscence formation during orthodontic tooth movement through atrophic alveolar ridges. Angle Orthod. 2020;90(3):321\u2013329."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b02","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Alveolar bone morphology under the perspective of the computed tomography defining the biological limits of tooth movement","volume":"15","author":"Garib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garib DG Y,\nSayako M,\nOzawa,\nOkada T,\nFilho S,\nGabriel d O. Alveolar bone morphology under the perspective of the computed tomography defining the biological limits of tooth movement. Dental Press J Orthod. 2010;15(5):12. doi:10.1590\/S2176-94512010000500023"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b03","series-title":"J Dent Assoc Thailand","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effects of alveolar bone width and density on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement introduction material and methods","volume":"71","author":"Ritwiroon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ritwiroon N,\nSuzuki B,\nSuzuki EY. Effects of alveolar bone width and density on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement introduction material and methods. J Dent Assoc Thailand. 2021;71:53\u201363. doi:10.14456\/jdat.2021.6"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"868","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with different vertical growth patterns assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Enhos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enhos S,\nUysal T,\nYagci A,\nVeli I,\nUcar FI,\nOzer T. Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with different vertical growth patterns assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(5):868\u2013874. doi:10.2319\/111211-702.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b05","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"133 e1\u20137; discussion 133\u2013135","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with Class I and Class II Division 1 malocclusion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"138","author":"Evangelista","year":"2010","unstructured":"Evangelista K,\nVasconcelos Kde F,\nBumann A,\nHirsch E,\nNitka M,\nSilva MA. Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with Class I and Class II Division 1 malocclusion assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. 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J2005;27(3):315\u2013321. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/cjh098"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"550","article-title":"Accuracy of linear measurements from imaging plate and lateral cephalometric images derived from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"132","author":"Moshiri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moshiri M,\nScarfe WC,\nHilgers ML,\nScheetz JP,\nSilveira AM,\nFarman AG. Accuracy of linear measurements from imaging plate and lateral cephalometric images derived from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(4):550\u2013560. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.09.046"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"245","article-title":"The effect of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of the rat","volume":"93","author":"Bridges","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bridges T,\nKing G,\nMohammed A. The effect of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;93(3):245\u2013250. doi:10.1016\/s0889-5406(88)80010-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effects of bone regeneration materials and tooth movement timing on canine experimental orthodontic treatment","volume":"88","author":"Machibya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Machibya FM,\nZhuang Y,\nGuo W, et al. Effects of bone regeneration materials and tooth movement timing on canine experimental orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(2):171\u2013178. doi:10.2319\/062017-407"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b17","series-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent","first-page":"95","article-title":"Alveolar bone loss in osteoporosis: a loaded and cellular affair","volume":"8","author":"Jonasson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jonasson G,\nRythen M. Alveolar bone loss in osteoporosis: a loaded and cellular affair? Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2016;8:95\u2013103. doi:10.2147\/CCIDE.S92774"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b18","series-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent","first-page":"9","article-title":"Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding","volume":"21","author":"Wilcko","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilcko WM,\nWilcko T,\nBouquot JE,\nFerguson DJ. Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2001;21(1):9\u201319."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"469 e1\u201332","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan V,\nDavidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;129(4):469 e1\u201332. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.10.007"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b01","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"321","article-title":"Bone dehiscence formation during orthodontic tooth movement through atrophic alveolar ridges","volume":"90","author":"Ramos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramos AL,\nDos Santos MC,\nde Almeida MR,\nMir CF. Bone dehiscence formation during orthodontic tooth movement through atrophic alveolar ridges. Angle Orthod. 2020;90(3):321\u2013329."},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b02","series-title":"Dental Press J Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Alveolar bone morphology under the perspective of the computed tomography defining the biological limits of tooth movement","volume":"15","author":"Garib","year":"2010","unstructured":"Garib DG Y,\nSayako M,\nOzawa,\nOkada T,\nFilho S,\nGabriel d O. Alveolar bone morphology under the perspective of the computed tomography defining the biological limits of tooth movement. Dental Press J Orthod. 2010;15(5):12. doi:10.1590\/S2176-94512010000500023"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b03","series-title":"J Dent Assoc Thailand","first-page":"53","article-title":"Effects of alveolar bone width and density on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement introduction material and methods","volume":"71","author":"Ritwiroon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ritwiroon N,\nSuzuki B,\nSuzuki EY. Effects of alveolar bone width and density on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement introduction material and methods. J Dent Assoc Thailand. 2021;71:53\u201363. doi:10.14456\/jdat.2021.6"},{"issue":"5","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"868","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with different vertical growth patterns assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Enhos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Enhos S,\nUysal T,\nYagci A,\nVeli I,\nUcar FI,\nOzer T. Dehiscence and fenestration in patients with different vertical growth patterns assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. 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Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138(2):133 e1\u20137; discussion 133\u2013135. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.02.021"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Yagci","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yagci A,\nVeli I,\nUysal T,\nUcar FI,\nOzer T,\nEnhos S. Dehiscence and fenestration in skeletal Class I, II, and III malocclusions assessed with cone-beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82(1):67\u201374. doi:10.2319\/040811-250.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"205","article-title":"Are there bone dehiscences in maxillary canines orthodontically moved into the grafted alveolar cleft","volume":"147","author":"Yatabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yatabe MS,\nOzawa TO,\nJanson G,\nFaco RA,\nGarib DG. Are there bone dehiscences in maxillary canines orthodontically moved into the grafted alveolar cleft? Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(2):205\u2013213. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2014.10.027"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b08","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"7","article-title":"Changes of alveolar bone dehiscence and fenestration after augmented corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment: a CBCT evaluation","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sun L,\nYuan L,\nWang B,\nZhang L,\nShen G,\nFang B. 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Prog Orthod. 2020;21(1):8. doi:10.1186\/s40510-020-00308-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"814","article-title":"The effects of dehiscence and fenestration before orthodontic treatment on external apical root resorption in maxillary incisors","volume":"160","author":"Cha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cha C,\nHuang D,\nKang Q,\nYin M,\nYan X. The effects of dehiscence and fenestration before orthodontic treatment on external apical root resorption in maxillary incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;160(6):814\u2013824. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.06.043"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b11","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"544","article-title":"Appraisal of the relationship between tooth inclination, dehiscence, fenestration, and sagittal skeletal pattern with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"89","author":"Coskun","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coskun I,\nKaya B. Appraisal of the relationship between tooth inclination, dehiscence, fenestration, and sagittal skeletal pattern with cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2019;89(4):544\u2013551. doi:10.2319\/050818-344.1"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b12","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"80","article-title":"The indirect palatal miniscrew anchorage and distalization appliance","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suzuki EY,\nSuzuki B. The indirect palatal miniscrew anchorage and distalization appliance. J Clin Orthod. 2016;50(2):80\u201396."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b13","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"315","article-title":"The effect of head rotation on cephalometric radiographs","volume":"27","author":"Malkoc","year":"J2005","unstructured":"Malkoc S,\nSari Z,\nUsumez S,\nKoyuturk AE. The effect of head rotation on cephalometric radiographs. Eur J Orthod. J2005;27(3):315\u2013321. doi:10.1093\/ejo\/cjh098"},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"550","article-title":"Accuracy of linear measurements from imaging plate and lateral cephalometric images derived from cone-beam computed tomography","volume":"132","author":"Moshiri","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moshiri M,\nScarfe WC,\nHilgers ML,\nScheetz JP,\nSilveira AM,\nFarman AG. Accuracy of linear measurements from imaging plate and lateral cephalometric images derived from cone-beam computed tomography. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(4):550\u2013560. doi:10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.09.046"},{"issue":"3","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b15","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"245","article-title":"The effect of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of the rat","volume":"93","author":"Bridges","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bridges T,\nKing G,\nMohammed A. The effect of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of the rat. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;93(3):245\u2013250. doi:10.1016\/s0889-5406(88)80010-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b16","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"171","article-title":"Effects of bone regeneration materials and tooth movement timing on canine experimental orthodontic treatment","volume":"88","author":"Machibya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Machibya FM,\nZhuang Y,\nGuo W, et al. Effects of bone regeneration materials and tooth movement timing on canine experimental orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod. 2018;88(2):171\u2013178. doi:10.2319\/062017-407"},{"key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b17","series-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dent","first-page":"95","article-title":"Alveolar bone loss in osteoporosis: a loaded and cellular affair","volume":"8","author":"Jonasson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jonasson G,\nRythen M. Alveolar bone loss in osteoporosis: a loaded and cellular affair? Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2016;8:95\u2013103. doi:10.2147\/CCIDE.S92774"},{"issue":"1","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b18","series-title":"Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent","first-page":"9","article-title":"Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding","volume":"21","author":"Wilcko","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilcko WM,\nWilcko T,\nBouquot JE,\nFerguson DJ. Rapid orthodontics with alveolar reshaping: two case reports of decrowding. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2001;21(1):9\u201319."},{"issue":"4","key":"i1945-7103-95-5-522-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"469 e1\u201332","article-title":"Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force","volume":"129","author":"Krishnan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Krishnan V,\nDavidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. 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