{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T18:53:40Z","timestamp":1782586420752,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the isolated and combined effects of compression and hypoxia on the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A periodontal ligament tissue model (PDLtm) was established by 3-D culturing human PDLCs on a thin sheet of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffold. The PDLtm was treated with hypoxia and\/or compression for 6, 24, or 72 hours. After that, a real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for gene expression analysis. The conditioned media were used for the coculture of osteoblast and osteoclast (OC) precursors; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was done to examine OC formation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Either compression or hypoxia alone significantly up-regulated the gene expression of pro-osteoclastogenic cytokines in the PDLtm and enhanced osteoclastogenesis in the cocultures, and the combination of the two had significantly stronger effects than either stimulation alone. In addition, comparing the two stimulants, we found that the osteoclastogenic property of the PDLCs peaked earlier (at 6 hours) in the compression group than in the hypoxia group (at 24 hours).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both compressive force and hypoxia may take part in initiating osteoclastogenesis in orthodontic tooth movement and may have combinatory effects, which could update our concepts of the mechanisms involved in the initiation of bone resorption on the pressure side of the tooth in question.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121414.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,6]],"date-time":"2015-04-06T14:06:18Z","timestamp":1428329178000},"page":"66-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Compression and hypoxia play independent roles while having combinative effects in the osteoclastogenesis induced by periodontal ligament cells"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Mei","family":"Le Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianru","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School and Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"414","article-title":"Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"87","author":"Wise\n              GE,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wise\n              GE, \n            \n              King\n              GJ. \n          \n          Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. 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Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58:1357\u20131368."},{"key":"r18","series-title":"J Periodontal Res","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effects of vascular endothelial cells on osteogenic differentiation of noncontact co-cultured periodontal ligament stem cells under hypoxia","volume":"48","author":"Wu\n              Y,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu\n              Y, \n            \n              Cao\n              H, \n            \n              Yang\n              Y, \n            \n              Zhou\n              Y, \n            \n              Gu\n              Y, \n            \n              Zhao\n              X, \n            et al\n          . Effects of vascular endothelial cells on osteogenic differentiation of noncontact co-cultured periodontal ligament stem cells under hypoxia. 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Endocrinology. 2000;141:1667\u20131674."},{"key":"r20","series-title":"Pharmacol Rev","first-page":"549","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Hoeben\n              A,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoeben\n              A, \n            \n              Landuyt\n              B, \n            \n              Highley\n              MS, \n            \n              Wildiers\n              H, \n            \n              Van Oosterom\n              AT, \n            \n              De Bruijn\n              EA. \n          \n          Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. 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J Orthop Res. 1996;14:7\u201315."},{"key":"r29","series-title":"Mol Cell Biol","first-page":"5737","article-title":"Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species trigger hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent extension of the replicative life span during hypoxia","volume":"27","author":"Bell\n              EL,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bell\n              EL, \n            \n              Klimova\n              TA, \n            \n              Eisenbart\n              J, \n            \n              Schumacker\n              PT, \n            \n              Chandel\n              NS. \n          \n          Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species trigger hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent extension of the replicative life span during hypoxia. 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Inflamm Res. 2011;60:187\u2013194."},{"key":"r31","series-title":"J Biol Chem","first-page":"13964","article-title":"Interactions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor family members in the mouse and human","volume":"281","author":"Bossen\n              C,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bossen\n              C, \n            \n              Ingold\n              K, \n            \n              Tardivel\n              A, \n            \n              Bodmer\n              JL, \n            \n              Gaide\n              O, \n            \n              Hertig\n              S, \n            et al\n          . Interactions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor family members in the mouse and human. 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J Dent Res. 2005;84:329\u2013334."},{"key":"r1","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"414","article-title":"Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"87","author":"Wise\n              GE,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wise\n              GE, \n            \n              King\n              GJ. \n          \n          Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res. 2008;87:414\u2013434."},{"key":"r2","series-title":"Int J Dent","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of hypoxia in orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"2013","author":"Niklas\n              A,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Niklas\n              A, \n            \n              Proff\n              P, \n            \n              Gosau\n              M, \n            \n              Romer\n              P. \n          \n          The role of hypoxia in orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Dent. 2013;2013:1\u20137."},{"key":"r3","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"623","article-title":"Intermittent force induces high RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"86","author":"Nakao\n              K,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakao\n              K, \n            \n              Goto\n              T, \n            \n              Gunjigake\n              KK, \n            \n              Konoo\n              T, \n            \n              Kobayashi\n              S, \n            \n              Yamaguchi\n              K. \n          \n          Intermittent force induces high RANKL expression in human periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Res. 2007;86:623\u2013628."},{"key":"r4","series-title":"J Bone Miner Res","first-page":"210","article-title":"Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical stress induce osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand up-regulation via prostaglandin E2 synthesis","volume":"17","author":"Kanzaki\n              H,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kanzaki\n              H, \n            \n              Chiba\n              M, \n            \n              Shimizu\n              Y, \n            \n              Mitani\n              H. \n          \n          Periodontal ligament cells under mechanical stress induce osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand up-regulation via prostaglandin E2 synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:210\u2013220."},{"key":"r5","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"115","article-title":"Expression of osteoclastogenesis inducers in a tissue model of periodontal ligament under compression","volume":"90","author":"Li\n              Y,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li\n              Y, \n            \n              Zheng\n              W, \n            \n              Liu\n              JS, \n            \n              Wang\n              J, \n            \n              Yang\n              P, \n            \n              Li\n              ML, \n            et al\n          . Expression of osteoclastogenesis inducers in a tissue model of periodontal ligament under compression. J Dent Res. 2011;90:115\u2013120."},{"key":"r6","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"887","article-title":"Dual regulation of osteoclast differentiation by periodontal ligament cells through RANKL stimulation and OPG inhibition","volume":"80","author":"Kanzaki\n              H,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kanzaki\n              H, \n            \n              Chiba\n              M, \n            \n              Shimizu\n              Y, \n            \n              Mitani\n              H. \n          \n          Dual regulation of osteoclast differentiation by periodontal ligament cells through RANKL stimulation and OPG inhibition. J Dent Res. 2001;80:887\u2013891."},{"key":"r7","series-title":"Cell Biol Int","first-page":"424","article-title":"Effects of substance P on osteoblastic differentiation and heme oxygenase-1 in human periodontal ligament cells","volume":"33","author":"Kook\n              YA,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kook\n              YA, \n            \n              Lee\n              SK, \n            \n              Son\n              DH, \n            \n              Kim\n              Y, \n            \n              Kang\n              KH, \n            \n              Cho\n              JH, \n            et al\n          . Effects of substance P on osteoblastic differentiation and heme oxygenase-1 in human periodontal ligament cells. Cell Biol Int. 2009;33:424\u2013428."},{"key":"r8","series-title":"Histochem Cell Biol","first-page":"337","article-title":"HSPA1A is upregulated in periodontal ligament at early stage of tooth movement in rats","volume":"134","author":"Arai\n              C,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arai\n              C, \n            \n              Nomura\n              Y, \n            \n              Ishikawa\n              M, \n            \n              Noda\n              K, \n            \n              Choi\n              JW, \n            \n              Yashiro\n              Y, \n            et al\n          . HSPA1A is upregulated in periodontal ligament at early stage of tooth movement in rats. 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