{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T21:30:54Z","timestamp":1794087054512,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the treatment effects produced in Class II patients by the Carriere\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      Motion 3D\u2122 appliance (CMA) followed by full fixed appliances (FFA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study evaluated 34 adolescents at three time points: T1 (pretreatment), T2 (removal of CMA), and T3 (posttreatment). The comparison group comprised 22 untreated Class II subjects analyzed at T1 and T3. Serial cephalograms were traced and digitized, and 12 skeletal and 6 dentoalveolar measures were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phase I with CMA lasted 5.2 \u00b1 2.8 months; phase II with FFA lasted 13.0 \u00b1 4.2 months. CMA treatment restricted the forward movement of the maxilla at point A. There was minimal effect on the sagittal position of the chin at pogonion. The Wits appraisal improved toward Class I by 2.1 mm during the CMA phase but not during FFA. Lower anterior facial height increased twice as much in the treatment group as in controls. A clockwise rotation (3.9\u00b0) of the functional occlusal plane in the treatment group occurred during phase I; a substantial rebound (\u22123.6\u00b0) occurred during phase II. Overjet and overbite improved during treatment, as did molar relationship; the lower incisors proclined (4.2\u00b0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CMA appliance is an efficient and effective way of correcting Class II malocclusion. The changes were mainly dentoalveolar in nature, but some skeletal changes also occurred, particularly in the sagittal position of the maxilla and in the vertical dimension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121418-872.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,24]],"date-time":"2019-06-24T11:05:59Z","timestamp":1561374359000},"page":"839-846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Treatment effects of the Carriere\u00ae Motion 3D\u2122 appliance for the correction of Class II malocclusion in adolescents"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Hera","family":"Kim-Berman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Assistant Professor and Program Director of Graduate Orthodontics, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thomas M. and Doris Graber Endowed Professor Emeritus, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry; Professor Emeritus of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine; and Research Scientist Emeritus, Center for Human Growth and Development, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; and Private Practice, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel P.","family":"Lints","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private practice, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Graduate Orthodontic Program, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor and President of the School of Dentistry, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Dentistry, Orthodontics, The University of Florence, Florence, Italy, and Thomas M. Graber Visiting Scholar, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"224","article-title":"New Class II distalizer","volume":"38","author":"Carriere \n              LA.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carriere \n              LA. \n            \n          \n          New Class II distalizer. J Clin Orthod. 2004;38:224\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"266","article-title":"Invisible retainers","volume":"59","author":"Ponitz \n              RJ.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ponitz \n              RJ. \n            \n          \n          Invisible retainers. Am J Orthod. 1971;59:266\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b03","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"570","article-title":"Invisible retainers","volume":"19","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr,","year":"1985","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Kramer \n              KL, \n            \n            \n              Jeunker \n              JP. \n            \n          \n          Invisible retainers. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:570\u2013578."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b04","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"e49","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Carri\u00e8re distalizer using lingual arch and full fixed appliances","volume":"3","author":"Sandifer \n              CL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandifer \n              CL, \n            \n            \n              English \n              JD, \n            \n            \n              Colville \n              CD, \n            \n            \n              Gallerano \n              RL, \n            \n            \n              Akyalcin \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Treatment effects of the Carri\u00e8re distalizer using lingual arch and full fixed appliances. J World Fed Orthod. 2014;3:e49\u2013e54."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b05","series-title":"Eur Paediatr Dent","first-page":"219","article-title":"Adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere distalizer appliance","volume":"14","author":"Hamilton \n              CF,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamilton \n              CF, \n            \n            \n              Saltaji \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Preston \n              CB, \n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Tabbaa \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere distalizer appliance. Eur Paediatr Dent. 2013;14:219\u2013224."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b06","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"561","article-title":"Distalizer treatment of an adult Class II Division 2 malocclusion","volume":"40","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pardo Lopez B, DeCarlos Villafranca F, Cobo Plana J. Distalizer treatment of an adult Class II Division 2 malocclusion. J Clin Orthod. 2006;40:561\u2013565."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b07","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Unilateral application of the Carriere distalizer","volume":"45","author":"Rodrigues \n              H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodrigues \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Unilateral application of the Carriere distalizer. J Clin Orthod. 2011;45:177\u2013180."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b08","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"ZR01","article-title":"Intraoral approaches for maxillary molar distalization: case series","volume":"11","author":"Singh \n              DP,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh \n              DP, \n            \n            \n              Arora \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Yadav \n              SK, \n            \n            \n              Kedia \n              NB. \n            \n          \n          Intraoral approaches for maxillary molar distalization: case series. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:ZR01\u2013ZR04."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b09","series-title":"Behav Res Methods","first-page":"175","article-title":"Erdfelder, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul \n              F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul \n              F, \n            \n          \n          Erdfelder, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175\u2013191."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"449","article-title":"A method of cephalometric evaluation","volume":"86","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr. \n            \n          \n          A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:449\u2013469."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"293","article-title":"Predictors for Class II treatment duration","volume":"127","author":"Popowich \n              K,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Popowich \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Nebbe \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Heoc \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Glover \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Major \n              P. \n            \n          \n          Predictors for Class II treatment duration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:293\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"234","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:234\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"383","article-title":"Correction of Class II malocclusion with Class II elastics: a systematic review","volume":"143","author":"Janson \n              G,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janson \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Sathler \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Fernandes \n              TM, \n            \n            \n              Branco \n              NC, \n            \n            \n              Freitas \n              MR. \n            \n          \n          Correction of Class II malocclusion with Class II elastics: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:383\u2013389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of the Pendulum and Herbst appliances","volume":"123","author":"Burkhardt \n              DR,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burkhardt \n              DR, \n            \n            \n              McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Baccetti \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of the Pendulum and Herbst appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:108\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"678","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients","volume":"81","author":"Franchi \n              L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franchi \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Alvetro \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Giuntini \n              V, \n            \n            \n              Masucci \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Defraia \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Baccetti \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2011;81:678\u2013683."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b01","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"224","article-title":"New Class II distalizer","volume":"38","author":"Carriere \n              LA.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carriere \n              LA. \n            \n          \n          New Class II distalizer. J Clin Orthod. 2004;38:224\u2013231."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b02","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"266","article-title":"Invisible retainers","volume":"59","author":"Ponitz \n              RJ.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Ponitz \n              RJ. \n            \n          \n          Invisible retainers. Am J Orthod. 1971;59:266\u2013272."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b03","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"570","article-title":"Invisible retainers","volume":"19","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr,","year":"1985","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Kramer \n              KL, \n            \n            \n              Jeunker \n              JP. \n            \n          \n          Invisible retainers. J Clin Orthod. 1985;19:570\u2013578."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b04","series-title":"J World Fed Orthod","first-page":"e49","article-title":"Treatment effects of the Carri\u00e8re distalizer using lingual arch and full fixed appliances","volume":"3","author":"Sandifer \n              CL,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sandifer \n              CL, \n            \n            \n              English \n              JD, \n            \n            \n              Colville \n              CD, \n            \n            \n              Gallerano \n              RL, \n            \n            \n              Akyalcin \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Treatment effects of the Carri\u00e8re distalizer using lingual arch and full fixed appliances. J World Fed Orthod. 2014;3:e49\u2013e54."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b05","series-title":"Eur Paediatr Dent","first-page":"219","article-title":"Adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere distalizer appliance","volume":"14","author":"Hamilton \n              CF,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamilton \n              CF, \n            \n            \n              Saltaji \n              H, \n            \n            \n              Preston \n              CB, \n            \n            \n              Flores-Mir \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Tabbaa \n              S. \n            \n          \n          Adolescent patients' experience with the Carriere distalizer appliance. Eur Paediatr Dent. 2013;14:219\u2013224."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b06","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"561","article-title":"Distalizer treatment of an adult Class II Division 2 malocclusion","volume":"40","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pardo Lopez B, DeCarlos Villafranca F, Cobo Plana J. Distalizer treatment of an adult Class II Division 2 malocclusion. J Clin Orthod. 2006;40:561\u2013565."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b07","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Unilateral application of the Carriere distalizer","volume":"45","author":"Rodrigues \n              H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rodrigues \n              H. \n            \n          \n          Unilateral application of the Carriere distalizer. J Clin Orthod. 2011;45:177\u2013180."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b08","series-title":"J Clin Diagn Res","first-page":"ZR01","article-title":"Intraoral approaches for maxillary molar distalization: case series","volume":"11","author":"Singh \n              DP,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singh \n              DP, \n            \n            \n              Arora \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Yadav \n              SK, \n            \n            \n              Kedia \n              NB. \n            \n          \n          Intraoral approaches for maxillary molar distalization: case series. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11:ZR01\u2013ZR04."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b09","series-title":"Behav Res Methods","first-page":"175","article-title":"Erdfelder, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul \n              F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul \n              F, \n            \n          \n          Erdfelder, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39:175\u2013191."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b10","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"449","article-title":"A method of cephalometric evaluation","volume":"86","author":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr.","year":"1984","unstructured":"McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr. \n            \n          \n          A method of cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:449\u2013469."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b11","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"293","article-title":"Predictors for Class II treatment duration","volume":"127","author":"Popowich \n              K,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Popowich \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Nebbe \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Heoc \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Glover \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Major \n              P. \n            \n          \n          Predictors for Class II treatment duration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:293\u2013300."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"234","article-title":"Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects","volume":"124","author":"O'Brien \n              K,","year":"2003","unstructured":"O'Brien \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Wright \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Conboy \n              F, \n            \n            et al. \n          Effectiveness of early orthodontic treatment with the Twin-block appliance: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Part 1: dental and skeletal effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;124:234\u2013243."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"383","article-title":"Correction of Class II malocclusion with Class II elastics: a systematic review","volume":"143","author":"Janson \n              G,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janson \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Sathler \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Fernandes \n              TM, \n            \n            \n              Branco \n              NC, \n            \n            \n              Freitas \n              MR. \n            \n          \n          Correction of Class II malocclusion with Class II elastics: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013;143:383\u2013389."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"108","article-title":"Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of the Pendulum and Herbst appliances","volume":"123","author":"Burkhardt \n              DR,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burkhardt \n              DR, \n            \n            \n              McNamara \n              JA\n              Jr, \n            \n            \n              Baccetti \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Maxillary molar distalization or mandibular enhancement: a cephalometric comparison of the Pendulum and Herbst appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123:108\u2013116."},{"key":"i0003-3219-89-6-839-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"678","article-title":"Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients","volume":"81","author":"Franchi \n              L,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Franchi \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Alvetro \n              L, \n            \n            \n              Giuntini \n              V, \n            \n            \n              Masucci \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Defraia \n              E, \n            \n            \n              Baccetti \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Effectiveness of comprehensive fixed appliance treatment used with the Forsus fatigue resistant device in Class II patients. 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