{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T08:18:34Z","timestamp":1780474714027,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the changes in nasal mucociliary clearance in orthodontic patients after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-two children (25 boys and 17 girls) participated in this study. The RME group consisted of 21 patients (mean age, 13.8 years), who had undergone RME at the initiation of orthodontic treatment. The control group consisted of 21 subjects (mean age, 13.6 years), who were attending the department of orthodontics for active orthodontic treatment. The nasal mucociliary clearance was assessed by the saccharin test. Saccharin transit times (STTs) were measured for each treated subject before expansion (T1), after RME (T2), and after a 3-month retention period (T3). Records were obtained at the same time intervals for each group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The STT decreased significantly in the RME group after expansion and retention (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05). A statistically significant difference was found when the STTs of the control and RME groups were compared after expansion and retention (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"abs4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The STTs of young orthodontic patients with maxillary narrowness and without any history of nasal or systemic disease were within normal limits. However, RME increased the mucociliary clearance in patients who had maxillary narrowness, having positive effects on nasal physiology and increasing nasal cavity volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121714-918.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,1]],"date-time":"2015-07-01T10:47:51Z","timestamp":1435747671000},"page":"250-254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on nasal mucociliary clearance"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Hasan","family":"Babacan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Orthodontics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cenk","family":"Doruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail Onder","family":"Uysal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Yuce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r1","series-title":"Dent Cosmos","first-page":"540","article-title":"Treatment of irregularities of the permanent or adult teeth","volume":"1","author":"Angell\n              EC.","year":"1860","unstructured":"Angell\n              EC.\n            \n          \n          Treatment of irregularities of the permanent or adult teeth. Dent Cosmos. 1860;1:540\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas\n              AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas\n              AJ.\n            \n          \n          Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r3","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in nasal airflow incident to rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"38","author":"Wertz\n              RA.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal airflow incident to rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 1968;38:1\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"111","article-title":"The nasal airway following maxillary expansion","volume":"91","author":"Warren\n              DW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Warren\n              DW, \n            \n              Hershey\n              GH, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA, \n            \n              Hinton\n              VA, \n            \n              Hairfield\n              WM.\n            \n          \n          The nasal airway following maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:111\u2013116."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El\n              H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n              H, \n            \n              Palomo\n              JM.\n            \n          \n          Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(2):265\u2013273."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"269","article-title":"Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics","volume":"141","author":"Iwasaki\n              T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n              T, \n            \n              Saitoh\n              I, \n            \n              Takemoto\n              Y, \n            \n              Inada\n              E, \n            \n              Kanomi\n              R, \n            \n              Hayasaki\n              H, \n            \n              Yamasaki\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(3):269\u2013278."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r7","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Comparison of nasal volume changes during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Doruk\n              C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doruk\n              C, \n            \n              S\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc\n              O, \n            \n              Bicakci\n              AA, \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              U, \n            \n              Ta\u015f\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of nasal volume changes during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:251\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r8","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"66","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal volume","volume":"76","author":"Babacan\n              H,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Babacan\n              H, \n            \n              Sokucu\n              O, \n            \n              Doruk\n              C, \n            \n              Ay\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal volume. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:66\u201371."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r9","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"641","article-title":"Nasal cavity size, airway resistance, and subjective sensation after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"140","author":"Magnusson\n              A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magnusson\n              A, \n            \n              Bjerklin\n              K, \n            \n              Nilsson\n              P, \n            \n              J\u00f6nsson\n              F, \n            \n              Marcusson\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Nasal cavity size, airway resistance, and subjective sensation after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(5):641\u2013651."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"370","article-title":"Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short\u2013 and longterm effects","volume":"134","author":"Oliveira De Felippe\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveira De Felippe\n              N, \n            \n              Da Silveira\n              A, \n            \n              Viana\n              G, \n            \n              Kusnoto\n              B, \n            \n              Smith\n              B, \n            \n              Evans\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short\u2013 and longterm effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:370\u2013382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r11","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Choanal atresia, charge association, and congenital nasal stenosis","volume":"33","author":"Keller\n              JL,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keller\n              JL, \n            \n              Kacker\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Choanal atresia, charge association, and congenital nasal stenosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2000;33:1343\u20131351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r12","series-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore","first-page":"158","article-title":"Airway problems in children: can the orthodontist help","volume":"24","author":"McDonald\n              JP.","year":"1995","unstructured":"McDonald\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Airway problems in children: can the orthodontist help? Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:158\u2013162."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r13","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"357","article-title":"The reduction of nasal airway resistance by rapid maxillary expansion and its effects on respiratory disease","volume":"98","author":"Timms\n              DJ.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Timms\n              DJ.\n            \n          \n          The reduction of nasal airway resistance by rapid maxillary expansion and its effects on respiratory disease. J Laryngol Otol. 1984;98:357\u2013362."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r14","series-title":"Arch Environ Health","first-page":"290","article-title":"A comparison of nasal and tracheobronchial clearance","volume":"29","author":"Andersen\n              IB,","year":"1974","unstructured":"Andersen\n              IB, \n            \n              Camner\n              P, \n            \n              Jensen\n              Pl, \n            \n              Philipson\n              K, \n            \n              Proctor\n              DF.\n            \n          \n          A comparison of nasal and tracheobronchial clearance. Arch Environ Health. 1974;29:290\u2013293."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r15","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"2772","article-title":"Mucociliary clerance is impaired in acutely ill patients","volume":"128","author":"Nakagawa\n              NK,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Nakagawa\n              NK, \n            \n              Franchini\n              ML, \n            \n              Driusso\n              P, \n            \n              Oliveira\n              LR, \n            \n              Saldiva\n              PHN, \n            \n              Lorenzi-Filho\n              G.\n            \n          \n          Mucociliary clerance is impaired in acutely ill patients. Chest. 2005;128:2772\u20132777."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r16","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"776","article-title":"High resolution multislice computerized tomography with multiplanar and 3-dimensional reformation imaging in rapid palatal expansion","volume":"131","author":"Habersack\n              K,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Habersack\n              K, \n            \n              Karoglan\n              A, \n            \n              Sommer\n              B, \n            \n              Benner\n              KU.\n            \n          \n          High resolution multislice computerized tomography with multiplanar and 3-dimensional reformation imaging in rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:776\u2013781."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r17","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"458","article-title":"Use of conventional tomography to evaluate changes in the nasal cavity with rapid palatal expansion","volume":"132","author":"Palaisa\n              J,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Palaisa\n              J, \n            \n              Ngan\n              P, \n            \n              Martin\n              C, \n            \n              Razmus\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Use of conventional tomography to evaluate changes in the nasal cavity with rapid palatal expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:458\u2013466."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"458","article-title":"Upper airway expansion after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Ribeiro\n              ANC,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ribeiro\n              ANC, \n            \n              de Paiva\n              JB, \n            \n              Rino-Neto\n              J, \n            \n              Illipronti-Filho\n              E, \n            \n              Trivino\n              T, \n            \n              Mongelli Fantini\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Upper airway expansion after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with cone beam computed tomography. 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Ear Nose Throat J. 1987;66:248\u2013251."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r21","series-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"645","article-title":"Ciliary beating frequency in chronic sinusitis","volume":"119","author":"Nuutinen\n              J,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Nuutinen\n              J, \n            \n              Rauch-Toskala\n              E, \n            \n              Saano\n              V.\n            \n          \n          Ciliary beating frequency in chronic sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:645\u2013647."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r22","series-title":"Br J Dis Chest","first-page":"77","article-title":"Abnormal nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with rhinitis and its relationship to concomitant chest disease","volume":"79","author":"Stanley\n              PJ,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Stanley\n              PJ, \n            \n              Wilson\n              R, \n            \n              Greenstone\n              MA, \n            \n              Mackay\n              IS, \n            \n              Cole\n              PJ.\n            \n          \n          Abnormal nasal mucociliary clearance in patients with rhinitis and its relationship to concomitant chest disease. Br J Dis Chest. 1985;79:77\u201382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r23","series-title":"Clin Exp Allergy","first-page":"582","article-title":"Nasal polyps: a model for chronic mucosal inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Djukanovic\n              R.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Djukanovic\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Nasal polyps: a model for chronic mucosal inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy. 1995;25:582\u2013585."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r24","series-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"1868","article-title":"Mucociliary clearance in the airways","volume":"154","author":"Wanner\n              A,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wanner\n              A, \n            \n              Salath\u00e9\n              M, \n            \n              O\u2019Riordan\n              TG.\n            \n          \n          Mucociliary clearance in the airways. 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Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25:127\u2013130."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r26","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci","first-page":"388","article-title":"Mucociliary transport and its assessment: a review","volume":"23","author":"Lale\n              AM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lale\n              AM, \n            \n              Mason\n              JD, \n            \n              Jones\n              NS.\n            \n          \n          Mucociliary transport and its assessment: a review. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 1998;23(5):388\u2013396."},{"issue":"6","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r27","series-title":"Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci","first-page":"558","article-title":"The effect of hypertonicity on nasal mucociliary clearance","volume":"25","author":"Homer\n              JJ,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Homer\n              JJ, \n            \n              Dowley\n              AC, \n            \n              Condon\n              L, \n            \n              El-Jassar\n              P, \n            \n              Sood\n              S.\n            \n          \n          The effect of hypertonicity on nasal mucociliary clearance. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci. 2000;25(6):558\u2013560."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r28","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"151","article-title":"Normal values of mucociliary transport time in young subjects","volume":"9","author":"Passali\n              D,","year":"1985","unstructured":"Passali\n              D, \n            \n              Ciampoli\n              MB.\n            \n          \n          Normal values of mucociliary transport time in young subjects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1985;9:151\u2013156."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r29","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Does passive smoking have an effect on nasal mucociliary clearance","volume":"147","author":"Habesoglu\n              M,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Habesoglu\n              M, \n            \n              Demir\n              K, \n            \n              Yumusakhuylu\n              AC, \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              AS, \n            \n              Oysu\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Does passive smoking have an effect on nasal mucociliary clearance? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;147(1):152\u2013156."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r30","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"2","article-title":"Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion","volume":"6","author":"Cazzolla\n              AP,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cazzolla\n              AP, \n            \n              Campisi\n              G, \n            \n              Lacaita\n              GM, \n            et al\n          . Changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6:2."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r1","series-title":"Dent Cosmos","first-page":"540","article-title":"Treatment of irregularities of the permanent or adult teeth","volume":"1","author":"Angell\n              EC.","year":"1860","unstructured":"Angell\n              EC.\n            \n          \n          Treatment of irregularities of the permanent or adult teeth. Dent Cosmos. 1860;1:540\u2013544."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r2","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas\n              AJ.","year":"1961","unstructured":"Haas\n              AJ.\n            \n          \n          Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture. Angle Orthod. 1961;31:73\u201390."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r3","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in nasal airflow incident to rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"38","author":"Wertz\n              RA.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Wertz\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Changes in nasal airflow incident to rapid maxillary expansion. Angle Orthod. 1968;38:1\u201311."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r4","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"111","article-title":"The nasal airway following maxillary expansion","volume":"91","author":"Warren\n              DW,","year":"1987","unstructured":"Warren\n              DW, \n            \n              Hershey\n              GH, \n            \n              Turvey\n              TA, \n            \n              Hinton\n              VA, \n            \n              Hairfield\n              WM.\n            \n          \n          The nasal airway following maxillary expansion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1987;91:111\u2013116."},{"issue":"2","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r5","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"265","article-title":"Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study","volume":"84","author":"El\n              H,","year":"2014","unstructured":"El\n              H, \n            \n              Palomo\n              JM.\n            \n          \n          Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway following rapid maxillary expansion: a CBCT study. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(2):265\u2013273."},{"issue":"3","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r6","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"269","article-title":"Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics","volume":"141","author":"Iwasaki\n              T,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iwasaki\n              T, \n            \n              Saitoh\n              I, \n            \n              Takemoto\n              Y, \n            \n              Inada\n              E, \n            \n              Kanomi\n              R, \n            \n              Hayasaki\n              H, \n            \n              Yamasaki\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(3):269\u2013278."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r7","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"251","article-title":"Comparison of nasal volume changes during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography","volume":"29","author":"Doruk\n              C,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Doruk\n              C, \n            \n              S\u00f6k\u00fcc\u00fc\n              O, \n            \n              Bicakci\n              AA, \n            \n              Yilmaz\n              U, \n            \n              Ta\u015f\n              F.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of nasal volume changes during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry and computed tomography. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29:251\u2013255."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r8","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"66","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal volume","volume":"76","author":"Babacan\n              H,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Babacan\n              H, \n            \n              Sokucu\n              O, \n            \n              Doruk\n              C, \n            \n              Ay\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Rapid maxillary expansion and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion effects on nasal volume. Angle Orthod. 2006;76:66\u201371."},{"issue":"5","key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r9","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"641","article-title":"Nasal cavity size, airway resistance, and subjective sensation after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective longitudinal study","volume":"140","author":"Magnusson\n              A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Magnusson\n              A, \n            \n              Bjerklin\n              K, \n            \n              Nilsson\n              P, \n            \n              J\u00f6nsson\n              F, \n            \n              Marcusson\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Nasal cavity size, airway resistance, and subjective sensation after surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective longitudinal study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;140(5):641\u2013651."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r10","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"370","article-title":"Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short\u2013 and longterm effects","volume":"134","author":"Oliveira De Felippe\n              N,","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oliveira De Felippe\n              N, \n            \n              Da Silveira\n              A, \n            \n              Viana\n              G, \n            \n              Kusnoto\n              B, \n            \n              Smith\n              B, \n            \n              Evans\n              C.\n            \n          \n          Relationship between rapid maxillary expansion and nasal cavity size and airway resistance: short\u2013 and longterm effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:370\u2013382."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r11","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Choanal atresia, charge association, and congenital nasal stenosis","volume":"33","author":"Keller\n              JL,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Keller\n              JL, \n            \n              Kacker\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Choanal atresia, charge association, and congenital nasal stenosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2000;33:1343\u20131351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r12","series-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore","first-page":"158","article-title":"Airway problems in children: can the orthodontist help","volume":"24","author":"McDonald\n              JP.","year":"1995","unstructured":"McDonald\n              JP.\n            \n          \n          Airway problems in children: can the orthodontist help? Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1995;24:158\u2013162."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-2-250-r13","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"357","article-title":"The reduction of nasal airway resistance by rapid maxillary expansion and its effects on respiratory disease","volume":"98","author":"Timms\n              DJ.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Timms\n              DJ.\n            \n          \n          The reduction of nasal airway resistance by rapid maxillary expansion and its effects on respiratory disease. 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