{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:06:20Z","timestamp":1793707580801,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate the relationships among different intrusion patterns of clear overlay aligners and the corresponding orthodontic forces and to provide guidance for clinical treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Five sets of removable thermoplastic-formed aligners with the same thickness, designed for different intrusion procedures (G0 aligners as a control group, with no activation; G1 aligners for intruding canines; G2 aligners for intruding incisors; G3 aligners for intruding canines and incisors with the same activations; G4 aligners for intruding canines and incisors with different activation), were manufactured, and the corresponding intrusion forces were measured with a multiaxis force\/torque transducer measurement system in real time.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n With the same activation (0.2-mm intrusion) and rectangular attachments placed on the premolars and first molars, the canines experienced the largest intrusive force when intruded alone using G1 aligners. The canines received a larger intrusive force than incisors in G3. The incisors received similar forces in G2 and G3. First premolars endured the largest extrusive forces when all anterior teeth were intruded with G3 aligners. Extrusion forces were exerted on canines and lateral incisors when using G4 aligners.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Aligners with different intrusion patterns exert different forces on incisors, canines, and premolars, and the forces were closely related to the designed activation, shape and position of the attachment and relative movement of the adjacent teeth.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121717-864.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T09:05:51Z","timestamp":1532336751000},"page":"771-778","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Force changes associated with different intrusion strategies for deep-bite correction by clear aligners"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MD student, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Coordinating the predetermined pattern and tooth positioner with conventional treatment","volume":"32","author":"Kesling \n HD.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Kesling \n HD. \n \n \n Coordinating the predetermined pattern and tooth positioner with conventional treatment. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1946;32:285\u2013293."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b02","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment","volume":"2","author":"Weir \n T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir \n T. \n \n \n Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment. Aust Dent J. 2017;2(suppl 1):58\u201362."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b03","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zheng \n M,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng \n M, \n \n \n Liu \n R, \n \n \n Ni \n Z, \n \n \n Yu \n Z. \n \n \n Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:127\u2013133."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"801","article-title":"Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: a randomized, prospective trial","volume":"87","author":"White \n DW,","year":"2017","unstructured":"White \n DW, \n \n \n Julien \n KC, \n \n \n Jacob \n H, \n \n \n Campbell \n PM, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: a randomized, prospective trial. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:801\u2013808."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b05","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1475","article-title":"How effective is the Invisalign(R) system in expansion movement with Ex30\u2032 aligners?","volume":"21","author":"Solano-Mendoza \n B,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solano-Mendoza \n B, \n \n \n Sonnemberg \n B, \n \n \n Solano-Reina \n E, \n \n \n Iglesias-Linares \n A. \n \n \n How effective is the Invisalign(R) system in expansion movement with Ex30\u2032 aligners?\n Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21:1475\u20131484."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b06","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"69","article-title":"Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Azaripour \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azaripour \n A, \n \n \n Weusmann \n J, \n \n \n Mahmoodi \n B, \n \n et al. \n Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:69."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac","first-page":"27","article-title":"How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"135","author":"Kravitz \n ND,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kravitz \n ND, \n \n \n Kusnoto \n B, \n \n \n BeGole \n E, \n \n \n Obrez \n A, \n \n \n Agran \n B. \n \n \n How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofac. 2009;135(1):27\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b08","series-title":"Are predicted tooth positions achieved? Angle Orthod","first-page":"809","article-title":"How accurate is Invisalign in nonextraction cases?","volume":"87","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid \n T,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid \n T, \n \n \n Loh \n C, \n \n \n Larson \n BE. \n \n \n How accurate is Invisalign in nonextraction cases?\n Are predicted tooth positions achieved? Angle Orthod. 2017;87:809\u2013815."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b09","series-title":"What percentage of your patients are being treated with Invisalign appliances? J Clin Orthod","first-page":"544","article-title":"The Readers' Corner. 2","volume":"38","author":"Sheridan \n JJ.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheridan \n JJ. \n \n \n The Readers' Corner. 2. What percentage of your patients are being treated with Invisalign appliances? J Clin Orthod. 2004;38:544\u2013545."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners","volume":"86","author":"Hennessy \n J,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy \n J, \n \n \n Garvey \n T, \n \n \n Al-Awadhi \n EA. \n \n \n A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:706\u2013712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"141","article-title":"Accuracy of invisalignA (R) treatments in the anterior tooth region","volume":"72","author":"Krieger \n E,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krieger \n E, \n \n \n Seiferth \n J, \n \n \n Saric \n I, \n \n \n Jung \n BA, \n \n \n Wehrbein \n H. \n \n \n Accuracy of invisalignA (R) treatments in the anterior tooth region. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:141\u2013149."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b12","series-title":"Lect N Mech Eng","first-page":"405","article-title":"Computer aided engineering of auxiliary elements for enhanced orthodontic appliances","author":"Savignano \n R,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savignano \n R, \n \n \n Barone \n S, \n \n \n Paoli \n A, \n \n \n Razionale \n AV. \n \n \n Computer aided engineering of auxiliary elements for enhanced orthodontic appliances. Lect N Mech Eng. 2017:405\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b13","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"65","article-title":"Changes in force associated with the amount of aligner activation and lingual bodily movement of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"46","author":"Li \n XW,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li \n XW, \n \n \n Ren \n CC, \n \n \n Wang \n ZY, \n \n \n Zhao \n P, \n \n \n Wang \n HM, \n \n \n Bai \n YX. \n \n \n Changes in force associated with the amount of aligner activation and lingual bodily movement of the maxillary central incisor. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:65\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b14","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"361","article-title":"Mechanical load exerted by PET-G aligners during mesial and distal derotation of a mandibular canine","volume":"78","author":"Elkholy \n F,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elkholy \n F, \n \n \n Mikhaiel \n B, \n \n \n Schmidt \n F, \n \n \n Lapatki \n BG. \n \n \n Mechanical load exerted by PET-G aligners during mesial and distal derotation of a mandibular canine. J Orofac Orthop. 2017;78:361\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Initial forces and moments delivered by removable thermoplastic appliances during rotation of an upper central incisor","volume":"80","author":"Hahn \n W,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahn \n W, \n \n \n Engelke \n B, \n \n \n Jung \n K, \n \n et al. \n Initial forces and moments delivered by removable thermoplastic appliances during rotation of an upper central incisor. Angle Orthod. 2010;80:239\u2013246."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b16","series-title":"Int J Interact Des M","first-page":"387","article-title":"Computer aided modelling to simulate the biomechanical behaviour of customised orthodontic removable appliances","volume":"10","author":"Barone \n S,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barone \n S, \n \n \n Paoli \n A, \n \n \n Razionale \n AV, \n \n \n Savignano \n R. \n \n \n Computer aided modelling to simulate the biomechanical behaviour of customised orthodontic removable appliances. Int J Interact Des M. 2016;10:387\u2013400."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"607","article-title":"Torquing an upper central incisor with aligners-acting forces and biomechanical principles","volume":"32","author":"Hahn \n W,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahn \n W, \n \n \n Zapf \n A, \n \n \n Dathe \n H, \n \n et al. \n Torquing an upper central incisor with aligners-acting forces and biomechanical principles. Eur J Orthod. 2010;32:607\u2013613."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b18","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"728","article-title":"Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization","volume":"145","author":"Simon \n M,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Simon \n M, \n \n \n Keilig \n L, \n \n \n Schwarze \n J, \n \n \n Jung \n BA, \n \n \n Bourauel \n C. \n \n \n Forces and moments generated by removable thermoplastic aligners: incisor torque, premolar derotation, and molar distalization. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:728\u2013736."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b19","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"16","article-title":"The effect of thickness and deflection of orthodontic thermoplastic materials on its mechanical properties","volume":"40","author":"Min \n S,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Min \n S, \n \n \n Hwang \n CJ, \n \n \n Yu \n HS, \n \n \n Lee \n SB, \n \n \n Cha \n JY. \n \n \n The effect of thickness and deflection of orthodontic thermoplastic materials on its mechanical properties. Korean J Orthod. 2010;40:16\u201326."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"625","article-title":"Initial forces generated by three types of thermoplastic appliances on an upper central incisor during tipping","volume":"31","author":"Hahn \n W,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hahn \n W, \n \n \n Fialka-Fricke \n J, \n \n \n Dathe \n H, \n \n et al. \n Initial forces generated by three types of thermoplastic appliances on an upper central incisor during tipping. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:625\u2013631."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b21","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"476","article-title":"Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances","volume":"83","author":"Kohda \n N,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kohda \n N, \n \n \n Iijima \n M, \n \n \n Muguruma \n T, \n \n \n Brantley \n WA, \n \n \n Ahluwalia \n KS, \n \n \n Mizoguchi \n I. \n \n \n Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:476\u2013483."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac","first-page":"805","article-title":"Rationale of segmented arch","volume":"48","author":"Burstone \n CJ.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Burstone \n CJ. \n \n \n Rationale of segmented arch. Am J Orthod Dentofac. 1962;48:805\u2013822."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b23","series-title":"Dent Clin North Am","first-page":"69","article-title":"The differential diagnosis and treatment of excessive overbite","volume":"25","author":"Nanda \n R.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Nanda \n R. \n \n \n The differential diagnosis and treatment of excessive overbite. Dent Clin North Am. 1981;25:69\u201384."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b24","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"412","article-title":"Miniscrews for upper incisor intrusion","volume":"31","author":"Polat-Ozsoy \n O,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Polat-Ozsoy \n O, \n \n \n Arman-Ozcirpici \n A, \n \n \n Veziroglu \n F. \n \n \n Miniscrews for upper incisor intrusion. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:412\u2013416."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b25","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"3","article-title":"Orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in patients treated with fixed appliances vs removable aligners","volume":"87","author":"Iglesias-Linares \n A,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iglesias-Linares \n A, \n \n \n Sonnenberg \n B, \n \n \n Solano \n B, \n \n et al. \n Orthodontically induced external apical root resorption in patients treated with fixed appliances vs removable aligners. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:3\u201310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b26","series-title":"Prog Orthod","first-page":"12","article-title":"Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with Invisalign (R): a radiometric study","volume":"18","author":"Gay \n G,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gay \n G, \n \n \n Ravera \n S, \n \n \n Castroflorio \n T, \n \n et al. \n Root resorption during orthodontic treatment with Invisalign (R): a radiometric study. Prog Orthod. 2017;18:12."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b27","series-title":"Comput Biol Med","first-page":"112","article-title":"Optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor in labial and lingual orthodontics","volume":"69","author":"Thote \n AM,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thote \n AM, \n \n \n Uddanwadiker \n RV, \n \n \n Sharma \n K, \n \n \n Shrivastava \n S. \n \n \n Optimum force system for intrusion and extrusion of maxillary central incisor in labial and lingual orthodontics. Comput Biol Med. 2016;69:112\u2013119."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b28","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"346","article-title":"A clinical evaluation of orthodontic mini-implants as intraoral anchorage for the intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth","volume":"11","author":"Saxena \n R,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saxena \n R, \n \n \n Kumar \n PS, \n \n \n Upadhyay \n M, \n \n \n Naik \n V. \n \n \n A clinical evaluation of orthodontic mini-implants as intraoral anchorage for the intrusion of maxillary anterior teeth. World J Orthod. 2010;11:346\u2013351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b29","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"86","article-title":"Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review","volume":"73","author":"Ren \n Y,","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ren \n Y, \n \n \n Maltha \n JC, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthod. 2003;73:86\u201392."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b30","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"71","article-title":"Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a mathematic model","volume":"125","author":"Ren \n Y,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ren \n Y, \n \n \n Maltha \n JC, \n \n \n Van't Hof \n MA, \n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman \n AM. \n \n \n Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a mathematic model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:71\u201377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Oral Surg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Coordinating the predetermined pattern and tooth positioner with conventional treatment","volume":"32","author":"Kesling \n HD.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Kesling \n HD. \n \n \n Coordinating the predetermined pattern and tooth positioner with conventional treatment. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1946;32:285\u2013293."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b02","series-title":"Aust Dent J","first-page":"58","article-title":"Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment","volume":"2","author":"Weir \n T.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weir \n T. \n \n \n Clear aligners in orthodontic treatment. Aust Dent J. 2017;2(suppl 1):58\u201362."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b03","series-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res","first-page":"127","article-title":"Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zheng \n M,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng \n M, \n \n \n Liu \n R, \n \n \n Ni \n Z, \n \n \n Yu \n Z. \n \n \n Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2017;20:127\u2013133."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"801","article-title":"Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: a randomized, prospective trial","volume":"87","author":"White \n DW,","year":"2017","unstructured":"White \n DW, \n \n \n Julien \n KC, \n \n \n Jacob \n H, \n \n \n Campbell \n PM, \n \n \n Buschang \n PH. \n \n \n Discomfort associated with Invisalign and traditional brackets: a randomized, prospective trial. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:801\u2013808."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b05","series-title":"Clin Oral Investig","first-page":"1475","article-title":"How effective is the Invisalign(R) system in expansion movement with Ex30\u2032 aligners?","volume":"21","author":"Solano-Mendoza \n B,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solano-Mendoza \n B, \n \n \n Sonnemberg \n B, \n \n \n Solano-Reina \n E, \n \n \n Iglesias-Linares \n A. \n \n \n How effective is the Invisalign(R) system in expansion movement with Ex30\u2032 aligners?\n Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21:1475\u20131484."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b06","series-title":"BMC Oral Health","first-page":"69","article-title":"Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Azaripour \n A,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azaripour \n A, \n \n \n Weusmann \n J, \n \n \n Mahmoodi \n B, \n \n et al. \n Braces versus Invisalign\u00ae: gingival parameters and patients' satisfaction during treatment: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:69."},{"issue":"1","key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac","first-page":"27","article-title":"How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign","volume":"135","author":"Kravitz \n ND,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kravitz \n ND, \n \n \n Kusnoto \n B, \n \n \n BeGole \n E, \n \n \n Obrez \n A, \n \n \n Agran \n B. \n \n \n How well does Invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with Invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofac. 2009;135(1):27\u201335."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b08","series-title":"Are predicted tooth positions achieved? Angle Orthod","first-page":"809","article-title":"How accurate is Invisalign in nonextraction cases?","volume":"87","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid \n T,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid \n T, \n \n \n Loh \n C, \n \n \n Larson \n BE. \n \n \n How accurate is Invisalign in nonextraction cases?\n Are predicted tooth positions achieved? Angle Orthod. 2017;87:809\u2013815."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b09","series-title":"What percentage of your patients are being treated with Invisalign appliances? J Clin Orthod","first-page":"544","article-title":"The Readers' Corner. 2","volume":"38","author":"Sheridan \n JJ.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sheridan \n JJ. \n \n \n The Readers' Corner. 2. What percentage of your patients are being treated with Invisalign appliances? J Clin Orthod. 2004;38:544\u2013545."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners","volume":"86","author":"Hennessy \n J,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy \n J, \n \n \n Garvey \n T, \n \n \n Al-Awadhi \n EA. \n \n \n A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners. Angle Orthod. 2016;86:706\u2013712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"141","article-title":"Accuracy of invisalignA (R) treatments in the anterior tooth region","volume":"72","author":"Krieger \n E,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krieger \n E, \n \n \n Seiferth \n J, \n \n \n Saric \n I, \n \n \n Jung \n BA, \n \n \n Wehrbein \n H. \n \n \n Accuracy of invisalignA (R) treatments in the anterior tooth region. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:141\u2013149."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b12","series-title":"Lect N Mech Eng","first-page":"405","article-title":"Computer aided engineering of auxiliary elements for enhanced orthodontic appliances","author":"Savignano \n R,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Savignano \n R, \n \n \n Barone \n S, \n \n \n Paoli \n A, \n \n \n Razionale \n AV. \n \n \n Computer aided engineering of auxiliary elements for enhanced orthodontic appliances. Lect N Mech Eng. 2017:405\u2013414."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b13","series-title":"Korean J Orthod","first-page":"65","article-title":"Changes in force associated with the amount of aligner activation and lingual bodily movement of the maxillary central incisor","volume":"46","author":"Li \n XW,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li \n XW, \n \n \n Ren \n CC, \n \n \n Wang \n ZY, \n \n \n Zhao \n P, \n \n \n Wang \n HM, \n \n \n Bai \n YX. \n \n \n Changes in force associated with the amount of aligner activation and lingual bodily movement of the maxillary central incisor. Korean J Orthod. 2016;46:65\u201372."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b14","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"361","article-title":"Mechanical load exerted by PET-G aligners during mesial and distal derotation of a mandibular canine","volume":"78","author":"Elkholy \n F,","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elkholy \n F, \n \n \n Mikhaiel \n B, \n \n \n Schmidt \n F, \n \n \n Lapatki \n BG. \n \n \n Mechanical load exerted by PET-G aligners during mesial and distal derotation of a mandibular canine. J Orofac Orthop. 2017;78:361\u2013370."},{"key":"i0003-3219-88-6-771-b15","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"239","article-title":"Initial forces and moments delivered by removable thermoplastic appliances during rotation of an upper central incisor","volume":"80","author":"Hahn \n W,","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahn \n W, \n \n \n Engelke \n B, \n \n \n Jung \n K, \n \n et al. \n Initial forces and moments delivered by removable thermoplastic appliances during rotation of an upper central incisor. 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