{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:44:01Z","timestamp":1780479841579,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare second molar angulation to the occlusal plane with cephalometric measurements corresponding to AP skeletal discrepancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st2\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>72 patients' pre-orthodontic records were analyzed. A plane was constructed along the cusps of the upper second molar and measured to a proxy for the occlusal plane. The angle between the planes was measured. ANB, Wits appraisal, U1-SN, IMPA, A-B perpendicular to Frankfort, and overjet were measured on the patients' cephalograms. Generalized additive mixed model analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the second molar angulation and the cephalometric measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All six cephalometric measurements showed a significant relationship with the second molar angulation, with Class III patients having a larger angle than Class II and I patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"st4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Class III patients have upper second molars that are significantly tipped from the occlusal plane. The second molars require special attention for correction prior to orthognathic surgery for Class III patients in order to avoid deleterious effects from the malpositioned teeth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121719-809.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T17:31:22Z","timestamp":1599586282000},"page":"851-856","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anteroposterior skeletofacial classification and its relationship to maxillary second molar buccopalatal angulation"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Timothy P.","family":"Levine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory J.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia A.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b01","series-title":"Am Journal of Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"146.e1","article-title":"Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage","volume":"135","author":"Troy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Troy\n              BA,\n            \n            \n              Shanker\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Fields\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Vig\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Johnston\n              W.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm Journal of Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t135(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t146.e1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b02","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"109","article-title":"The effects of extracting upper second permanent molars on lower second permanent molar position","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith\n              R.\n            \n          \n          The effects of extracting upper second permanent molars on lower second permanent molar position.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t109\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b03","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"243","article-title":"Don't forget the second molars","volume":"41","author":"Keim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keim\n              RG.\n            \n          \n          Don't forget the second molars.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t243\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t244."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b04","series-title":"J Int Soc Prevent Community Dent","first-page":"304","article-title":"The relationship between agenesis of third molar and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients","volume":"8","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akbari\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Moghadam\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Etemadi\n              F.\n            \n          \n          The relationship between agenesis of third molar and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Int Soc Prevent Community Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t308."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b05","series-title":"Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol","first-page":"420","article-title":"The incidence of unerupted permanent teeth and related clinical cases","volume":"59","author":"Grover","year":"1985","unstructured":"Grover\n              PS,\n            \n            \n              Lorton\n              L.\n            \n          \n          The incidence of unerupted permanent teeth and related clinical cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t420\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t425."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b06","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Surgical occlusion setup in correction of skeletal class III deformity using surgery-first approach: guidelines, characteristics and accuracy","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao\n              Y-F,\n            \n            \n              Lo\n              SH.\n            \n          \n          Surgical occlusion setup in correction of skeletal class III deformity using surgery-first approach: guidelines, characteristics and accuracy.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(1)."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b07","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Orthodontic objectives in orthognathic surgery: state of the art today","volume":"7","author":"Sabri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sabri\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic objectives in orthognathic surgery: state of the art today.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t177\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t191."},{"issue":"(7)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b08","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"385","article-title":"Eruptive tooth movement: a current state of knowledge","volume":"197","author":"Craddock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL,\n            \n            \n              Youngson\n              CC.\n            \n          \n          Eruptive tooth movement: a current state of knowledge.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t197(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t385\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t391."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b09","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"29","article-title":"Supraeruption of the unopposed maxillary first molar","volume":"66","author":"Compagnon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Compagnon\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Woda\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Supraeruption of the unopposed maxillary first molar.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Prosthet Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t66(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t29\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t34."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b10","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"495","article-title":"Occlusal changes following posterior tooth loss in adults. Part 2. Clinical parameters associated with movement of teeth adjacent to the site of posterior tooth loss","volume":"16","author":"Craddock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL,\n            \n            \n              Youngson\n              CC,\n            \n            \n              Manogue\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Blance\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Occlusal changes following posterior tooth loss in adults. Part 2. Clinical parameters associated with movement of teeth adjacent to the site of posterior tooth loss.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Prosthodont.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t495\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t501."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b11","series-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Complications associated with orthognathic surgery","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim\n              YK.\n            \n          \n          Complications associated with orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b12","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"195","article-title":"Clinical protocol for occlusal adjustment: rationale and application","volume":"36","author":"Solow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solow\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Clinical protocol for occlusal adjustment: rationale and application.\n\t\t\t\t\tCranio.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t195\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b13","series-title":"Orthognathic Surgery Principles and Practice. Vol 1. 1st ed","first-page":"374","article-title":"Standard analytic model planning for orthognathic surgery","author":"Posnick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Posnick\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Standard analytic model planning for orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:Orthognathic Surgery Principles and Practice. Vol 1. 1st ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;2014:\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t440."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b14","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"246","article-title":"An investigation of overeruption of posterior teeth with partial occlusal contact","volume":"34","author":"Craddock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL.\n            \n          \n          An investigation of overeruption of posterior teeth with partial occlusal contact.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t246\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b15","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. 1st ed","first-page":"259","article-title":"Diagnostic and treatment planning approaches","author":"Proffit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR,\n            \n            \n              White\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              Sarver\n  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dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t131(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t343\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t351."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b17","series-title":"Biometrika","first-page":"221","article-title":"On p-values for smooth components of an extended generalized additive model","volume":"100","author":"Wood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wood\n              SN.\n            \n          \n          On p-values for smooth components of an extended generalized additive model.\n\t\t\t\t\tBiometrika.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t100:\n\t\t\t\t\t221\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t228."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b18","series-title":"Scand J Stat","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holm\n              S.\n            \n          \n          A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure.\n\t\t\t\t\tScand J 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El Merini\n              H,\n            \n            \n              Benkiran\n              I.\n            \n          \n          External and internal root canal anatomy of the first and second permanent maxillary molars.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:Z\u00fchreA,ed.Human Teeth: Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations.\n\t\t\t\t\tLondon:\n\t\t\t\t\tIntechOpen;2020."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b21","series-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Am","first-page":"441","article-title":"Orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery","volume":"26","author":"Larson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Larson\n              BE.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic preparation for orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Maxillofac Surg Clin N Am.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t26(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t441\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t458."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b01","series-title":"Am Journal of Orthod Dentofac Orthop","first-page":"146.e1","article-title":"Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage","volume":"135","author":"Troy","year":"2009","unstructured":"Troy\n              BA,\n            \n            \n              Shanker\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Fields\n              HW,\n            \n            \n              Vig\n              K,\n            \n            \n              Johnston\n              W.\n            \n          \n          Comparison of incisor inclination in patients with Class III malocclusion treated with orthognathic surgery or orthodontic camouflage.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm Journal of Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t135(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t146.e1\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"issue":"(2)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b02","series-title":"Br J Orthod","first-page":"109","article-title":"The effects of extracting upper second permanent molars on lower second permanent molar position","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1996","unstructured":"Smith\n              R.\n            \n          \n          The effects of extracting upper second permanent molars on lower second permanent molar position.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1996;\n\t\t\t\t\t23(2):\n\t\t\t\t\t109\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t114."},{"issue":"(5)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b03","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"243","article-title":"Don't forget the second molars","volume":"41","author":"Keim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Keim\n              RG.\n            \n          \n          Don't forget the second molars.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t41(5):\n\t\t\t\t\t243\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t244."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b04","series-title":"J Int Soc Prevent Community Dent","first-page":"304","article-title":"The relationship between agenesis of third molar and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients","volume":"8","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akbari\n              N,\n            \n            \n              Moghadam\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Etemadi\n              F.\n            \n          \n          The relationship between agenesis of third molar and craniofacial morphology in orthodontic patients.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Int Soc Prevent Community Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t304\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t308."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b05","series-title":"Oral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol","first-page":"420","article-title":"The incidence of unerupted permanent teeth and related clinical cases","volume":"59","author":"Grover","year":"1985","unstructured":"Grover\n              PS,\n            \n            \n              Lorton\n              L.\n            \n          \n          The incidence of unerupted permanent teeth and related clinical cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Surg, Oral Med, Oral Pathol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985;\n\t\t\t\t\t59(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t420\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t425."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b06","series-title":"Sci Rep","article-title":"Surgical occlusion setup in correction of skeletal class III deformity using surgery-first approach: guidelines, characteristics and accuracy","volume":"8","author":"Liao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao\n              Y-F,\n            \n            \n              Lo\n              SH.\n            \n          \n          Surgical occlusion setup in correction of skeletal class III deformity using surgery-first approach: guidelines, characteristics and accuracy.\n\t\t\t\t\tSci Rep.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t8(1)."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b07","series-title":"World J Orthod","first-page":"177","article-title":"Orthodontic objectives in orthognathic surgery: state of the art today","volume":"7","author":"Sabri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sabri\n              R.\n            \n          \n          Orthodontic objectives in orthognathic surgery: state of the art today.\n\t\t\t\t\tWorld J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t177\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t191."},{"issue":"(7)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b08","series-title":"Br Dent J","first-page":"385","article-title":"Eruptive tooth movement: a current state of knowledge","volume":"197","author":"Craddock","year":"2004","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL,\n            \n            \n              Youngson\n              CC.\n            \n          \n          Eruptive tooth movement: a current state of knowledge.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t197(7):\n\t\t\t\t\t385\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t391."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b09","series-title":"J Prosthet Dent","first-page":"29","article-title":"Supraeruption of the unopposed maxillary first molar","volume":"66","author":"Compagnon","year":"1991","unstructured":"Compagnon\n              D,\n            \n            \n              Woda\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Supraeruption of the unopposed maxillary first molar.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Prosthet Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t1991;\n\t\t\t\t\t66(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t29\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t34."},{"issue":"(6)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b10","series-title":"J Prosthodont","first-page":"495","article-title":"Occlusal changes following posterior tooth loss in adults. Part 2. Clinical parameters associated with movement of teeth adjacent to the site of posterior tooth loss","volume":"16","author":"Craddock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL,\n            \n            \n              Youngson\n              CC,\n            \n            \n              Manogue\n              M,\n            \n            \n              Blance\n              A.\n            \n          \n          Occlusal changes following posterior tooth loss in adults. Part 2. Clinical parameters associated with movement of teeth adjacent to the site of posterior tooth loss.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Prosthodont.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t16(6):\n\t\t\t\t\t495\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t501."},{"issue":"(1)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b11","series-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Complications associated with orthognathic surgery","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim\n              YK.\n            \n          \n          Complications associated with orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t43(1):\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t15."},{"issue":"(3)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b12","series-title":"Cranio","first-page":"195","article-title":"Clinical protocol for occlusal adjustment: rationale and application","volume":"36","author":"Solow","year":"2017","unstructured":"Solow\n              RA.\n            \n          \n          Clinical protocol for occlusal adjustment: rationale and application.\n\t\t\t\t\tCranio.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t36(3):\n\t\t\t\t\t195\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t206."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b13","series-title":"Orthognathic Surgery Principles and Practice. Vol 1. 1st ed","first-page":"374","article-title":"Standard analytic model planning for orthognathic surgery","author":"Posnick","year":"2014","unstructured":"Posnick\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Standard analytic model planning for orthognathic surgery.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:Orthognathic Surgery Principles and Practice. Vol 1. 1st ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;2014:\n\t\t\t\t\t374\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t440."},{"issue":"(4)","key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b14","series-title":"J Oral Rehabil","first-page":"246","article-title":"An investigation of overeruption of posterior teeth with partial occlusal contact","volume":"34","author":"Craddock","year":"2007","unstructured":"Craddock\n              HL.\n            \n          \n          An investigation of overeruption of posterior teeth with partial occlusal contact.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Rehabil.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t34(4):\n\t\t\t\t\t246\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-6-851-b15","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. 1st ed","first-page":"259","article-title":"Diagnostic and treatment planning approaches","author":"Proffit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Proffit\n              WR,\n            \n            \n              White\n              RP,\n            \n            \n              Sarver\n  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