{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:00:14Z","timestamp":1789509614556,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To investigate differences in the amount of tooth movement and root resorption that occurred after tipping and bodily movement of the maxillary first molar in rats.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Ten-week-old female Wistar rats were divided into two groups according to type of tooth movement and subdivided into four subgroups according to the magnitude of applied force. Nickel-titanium closed-coil springs exerting forces of 10, 25, 50, or 100\u00a0g were applied to the maxillary left first molars to induce mesial tooth movement. We designed a novel orthodontic appliance for bodily tooth movement. Tooth movement distance and root resorption were measured using microcomputed tomography and scanning electron and scanning laser microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The amount of tooth movement in the bodily tooth movement group was less than half that in the tipping tooth movement group. The greatest amount of tooth movement occurred in the 10-g tipping and 50-g bodily tooth movement subgroups, and the amount of tooth movement decreased with the application of an excessive magnitude of force. Conversely, root resorption increased when the heavier orthodontic force was applied in both groups. Root resorption in the tipping tooth movement group was approximately twice that in the bodily tooth movement group.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Root resorption in the tipping tooth movement group was more pronounced than that in the bodily tooth movement group. Although the amount of tooth movement decreased when extremely heavy forces were applied, root resorption increased in both the tipping and bodily tooth movement groups in rats.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/121913-929.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T12:52:21Z","timestamp":1398171141000},"page":"1079-1085","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Effects of different types of tooth movement and force magnitudes on the amount of tooth movement and root resorption in rats"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Takako","family":"Nakano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitoshi","family":"Hotokezaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irin","family":"Sirisoontorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentist, Dental Section, Panyananthaphikkhu Chonprathan Medical Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Nonthaburi, Thailand."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kotaro","family":"Arita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kurohama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Ali","family":"Darendeliler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, The University of Sydney, Sydney Dental Hospital, South Western Sydney Area Health Service, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriaki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b01","series-title":"N\u00e5gra Bidrag till Tandregleringens Teori","author":"Sandstedt\n C.","year":"1901","unstructured":"Sandstedt\n C. \n \n N\u00e5gra Bidrag till Tandregleringens Teori. Stockholm: Kungl Boktryckeriet\/PA Nordstedt & S\u00f6ner; 1901."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b02","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"160","article-title":"Re-examination of \u2018Einige Beitrage zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung\u2019 (Some contributions to the theory of the regulation of teeth) published in 1904\u20131905 by Carl Sandstedt","volume":"35","author":"Bister\n D,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bister\n D, \n \n Meikle\n MC. \n \n Re-examination of \u2018Einige Beitrage zur Theorie der Zahnregulierung\u2019 (Some contributions to the theory of the regulation of teeth) published in 1904\u20131905 by Carl Sandstedt. 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An intra-individual study in adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Owman-Moll\n P,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Owman-Moll\n P, \n \n Kurol\n J, \n \n Lundgren\n D. \n \n The effects of a four-fold increased orthodontic force magnitude on tooth movement and root resorptions. An intra-individual study in adolescents. Eur J Orthod. 1996; 18: 287\u2013 294."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b14","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"483","article-title":"The rat as a model for orthodontic tooth movement\u2014a critical review and a proposed solution","volume":"26","author":"Ren\n Y,","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ren\n Y, \n \n Maltha\n JC, \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM. \n \n The rat as a model for orthodontic tooth movement\u2014a critical review and a proposed solution. 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Eur J Orthod. 1993; 15: 249\u2013 263."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik\n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik\n P, \n \n Rygh\n P. \n \n Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994; 16: 249\u2013 263."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b18","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Changes in periodontal pulsation in relation to increasing loads on rat molars and to blood pressure","volume":"47","author":"Imamura\n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Imamura\n N, \n \n Nakata\n S, \n \n Nakasima\n A. \n \n Changes in periodontal pulsation in relation to increasing loads on rat molars and to blood pressure. Arch Oral Biol. 2002; 47: 599\u2013 606."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"703","article-title":"An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar","volume":"79","author":"Gonzales\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzales\n C, \n \n Hotokezaka\n H, \n \n Arai\n Y, \n et al. \n An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2009; 79: 703\u2013 714."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"353","article-title":"Centers of rotation within the periodontal space","volume":"55","author":"Christiansen\n RL,","year":"1969","unstructured":"Christiansen\n RL, \n \n Burstone\n CJ. \n \n Centers of rotation within the periodontal space. Am J Orthod. 1969; 55: 353\u2013 369."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of initial tooth displacement, center of resistance, and center of rotation under the influence of an orthodontic force","volume":"120","author":"Yoshida\n N,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoshida\n N, \n \n Jost-Brinkmann\n PG, \n \n Koga\n Y, \n \n Mimaki\n N, \n \n Kobayashi\n K. \n \n Experimental evaluation of initial tooth displacement, center of resistance, and center of rotation under the influence of an orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 120: 190\u2013 197."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b22","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system","volume":"119","author":"Rhee\n JN,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rhee\n JN, \n \n Chun\n YS, \n \n Row\n J. \n \n A comparison between friction and frictionless mechanics with a new typodont simulation system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001; 119: 292\u2013 299."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b23","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"31","article-title":"Force loss in archwire-guided tooth movement of conventional and self-ligating brackets","volume":"36","author":"Montasser\n MA,","year":"2014","unstructured":"Montasser\n MA, \n \n El-Bialy\n T, \n \n Keilig\n L, \n \n Reimann\n S, \n \n J\u00e4ger\n A, \n \n Bourauel\n C. \n \n Force loss in archwire-guided tooth movement of conventional and self-ligating brackets. Eur J Orthod. 2014; 36: 31\u2013 38."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b01","series-title":"N\u00e5gra Bidrag till Tandregleringens Teori","author":"Sandstedt\n C.","year":"1901","unstructured":"Sandstedt\n C. \n \n N\u00e5gra Bidrag till Tandregleringens Teori. 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Eur J Orthod. 2010; 32: 681\u2013 687."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b10","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed","first-page":"343","article-title":"The biologic basis of orthodontic therapy","author":"Proffit\n WR,","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR, \n \n Fields\n HW, \n \n Sarver\n DM. \n \n The biologic basis of orthodontic therapy. In:Contemporary Orthodontics. 4th ed. St Louis: CV Mosby; 2006: 343\u2013 345."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b11","series-title":"Bone Miner","first-page":"73","article-title":"The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents","volume":"2","author":"Frost\n HM.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Frost\n HM. \n \n The mechanostat: a proposed pathogenic mechanism of osteoporoses and the bone mass effects of mechanical and nonmechanical agents. 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Eur J Orthod. 1993; 15: 249\u2013 263."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"249","article-title":"Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone","volume":"16","author":"Brudvik\n P,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Brudvik\n P, \n \n Rygh\n P. \n \n Root resorption beneath the main hyalinized zone. Eur J Orthod. 1994; 16: 249\u2013 263."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b18","series-title":"Arch Oral Biol","first-page":"599","article-title":"Changes in periodontal pulsation in relation to increasing loads on rat molars and to blood pressure","volume":"47","author":"Imamura\n N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Imamura\n N, \n \n Nakata\n S, \n \n Nakasima\n A. \n \n Changes in periodontal pulsation in relation to increasing loads on rat molars and to blood pressure. Arch Oral Biol. 2002; 47: 599\u2013 606."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b19","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"703","article-title":"An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar","volume":"79","author":"Gonzales\n C,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzales\n C, \n \n Hotokezaka\n H, \n \n Arai\n Y, \n et al. \n An in vivo 3D micro-CT evaluation of tooth movement after the application of different force magnitudes in rat molar. Angle Orthod. 2009; 79: 703\u2013 714."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b20","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"353","article-title":"Centers of rotation within the periodontal space","volume":"55","author":"Christiansen\n RL,","year":"1969","unstructured":"Christiansen\n RL, \n \n Burstone\n CJ. \n \n Centers of rotation within the periodontal space. Am J Orthod. 1969; 55: 353\u2013 369."},{"key":"angl-86-04-03-b21","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"190","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of initial tooth displacement, center of resistance, and center of rotation under the influence of an orthodontic force","volume":"120","author":"Yoshida\n N,","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoshida\n N, \n \n Jost-Brinkmann\n PG, \n \n Koga\n Y, \n \n Mimaki\n N, \n \n Kobayashi\n K. \n \n Experimental evaluation of initial tooth displacement, center of resistance, and center of rotation under the influence of an orthodontic force. 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