{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:07:00Z","timestamp":1780063620143,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis (MMDO) on facial soft tissues using three-dimensional (3D) images.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 20 patients (average age 15.86 \u00b1 2.17 years) were treated with RME and MMDO using tooth-borne distractors. Three-dimensional photographs of each patient were taken with a stereophotogrammetry system at baseline (T0), at the end of the distraction period (T1), and at the end of the consolidation period (T2). All data were analyzed using a dependent-samples\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -test at a significance level of 5%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Total and lower face height increased after MMDO (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Nasal and mouth width increased after RME as compared with baseline (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). The labiomental angle increased at T1 and decreased at T2 (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). After MMDO, the convexity angle increased while the mandibular angle decreased (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Upper and lower lip angles increased after RME (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). The distance from the lower lip to the E plane increased after MMDO and decreased after RME (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The MMDO and RME procedures provide an efficient nonextraction treatment alternative for transverse maxillomandibular deficiency. MMDO may improve the facial soft tissue profile in the transverse and vertical axis of the mandibular region.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/122120-1023.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T14:51:52Z","timestamp":1620053512000},"page":"634-640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-dimensional soft tissue evaluation after rapid maxillary expansion and mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Seyit Ahmet","family":"\u00d6zt\u00fcrk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u0131dd\u0131k","family":"Malko\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcmit","family":"Yolcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehra","family":"\u0130leri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zge \u00c7elik","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. Vol. 283. St Louis, Mo: Mosby;","author":"Proffit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n White\n R,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. Vol. 283. St Louis, Mo: Mosby;\n 2003."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"995","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson\n BM,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA,\n \n \n Bandeen\n RL,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T.\n \n \n Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t995\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b03","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Fields\n HW\n Jr,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier Health Sciences;2006."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b04","series-title":"J Clin 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osteogenesis","volume":"118","author":"Del Santo","year":"2000","unstructured":"Del Santo\n M,\n \n \n Guerrero\n CA,\n \n \n Buschang\n PH,\n \n \n English\n JD,\n \n \n Samchukov\n ML,\n \n \n Bell\n WH.\n \n \n Long-term skeletal and dental effects of mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2000;\n\t\t\t\t\t118:\n\t\t\t\t\t485\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t493."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Long-term effect of mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis on the status of the temporomandibular joint, teeth, periodontal structures, and neurosensory function","volume":"57","author":"Kewitt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kewitt\n GF,\n \n \n Van Sickels\n JE.\n \n \n Long-term effect of mandibular midline distraction osteogenesis on the status of the temporomandibular joint, teeth, periodontal structures, and neurosensory function.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac 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Dent.\n\t\t\t\t\t2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t50:\n\t\t\t\t\t15\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t22."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b16","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofacial Surg","first-page":"177","article-title":"Changes in the mandibular and dento-alveolar structures by the use of tooth borne mandibular symphyseal distraction devices","volume":"39","author":"Seeberger","year":"2011","unstructured":"Seeberger\n R,\n \n \n Kater\n W,\n \n \n Davids\n R,\n \n et al.\n \n Changes in the mandibular and dento-alveolar structures by the use of tooth borne mandibular symphyseal distraction devices.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Craniomaxillofacial Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t39:\n\t\t\t\t\t177\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t181."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b17","series-title":"J Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg","first-page":"47","article-title":"Soft, hard-tissues and pharyngeal airway volume changes following maxillomandibular transverse osteodistraction: computed tomography and three-dimensional laser scanner evaluation","volume":"45","author":"Bianchi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bianchi\n FA,\n \n \n Gerbino\n G,\n \n \n Corsico\n M,\n \n et al.\n \n Soft, hard-tissues and pharyngeal airway volume changes following maxillomandibular transverse osteodistraction: computed tomography and three-dimensional laser scanner evaluation.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Cranio-Maxillofacial Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t45:\n\t\t\t\t\t47\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t55."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b18","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"629","article-title":"Three-dimensional soft tissue effects of mandibular midline distraction and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: an automatic stereophotogrammetry landmarking analysis","volume":"48","author":"G\u00fcl","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00fcl\n A,\n \n \n de Jong\n MA,\n \n \n de Gijt\n JP,\n \n et al.\n \n Three-dimensional soft tissue effects of mandibular midline distraction and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: an 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symphyseal distraction osteogenesis: an implant study","volume":"27","author":"I\u015feri","year":"2005","unstructured":"I\u015feri\n H,\n \n \n Malko\u00e7\n S.\n \n \n Long-term skeletal effects of mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis: an implant study.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t27:\n\t\t\t\t\t512\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t517."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b21","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"383","article-title":"Mandibular widening by intraoral distraction osteogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Guerrero","year":"1997","unstructured":"Guerrero\n CA,\n \n \n Bell\n WH,\n \n \n Contasti\n GI,\n \n \n Rodriguez\n AM.\n \n \n Mandibular widening by intraoral distraction osteogenesis.\n\t\t\t\t\tBr J Oral Maxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t383\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t392."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b22","series-title":"Anthropometry of the Head and Face","author":"Farkas","year":"1994","unstructured":"Farkas\n LG.\n \n \n \n Anthropometry of the Head and Face\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tNew York:\n\t\t\t\t\tRaven Press;1994."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b23","series-title":"Semin Orthod","first-page":"152","article-title":"Semirapid maxillary expansion and mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis in adults: a five-year follow-up study","volume":"18","author":"Malko\u00e7","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malko\u00e7\n S,\n \n \n I\u015feri\n H,\n \n \n Durmu\u015f\n E.\n \n \n Semirapid maxillary expansion and mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis in adults: a five-year follow-up study.\n\t\t\t\t\tSemin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t18:\n\t\t\t\t\t152\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t161."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b24","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"248","article-title":"Mandibular midline distraction: a systematic review","volume":"40;","author":"De Gijt","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Gijt\n JP,\n \n \n Vervoorn\n K,\n \n \n Wolvius\n EB,\n \n \n Van der Wal\n KGH,\n \n \n Koudstaal\n MJ.\n \n \n Mandibular midline distraction: a systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Craniomaxillofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t40;248\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t260."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b25","series-title":"Orbit","first-page":"9","article-title":"Validating three-dimensional imaging for volumetric assessment of periorbital soft tissue","volume":"40","author":"Hyer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hyer\n JN,\n \n \n Murta\n F,\n \n \n Juniat\n VAR,\n \n \n Ezra\n DG.\n \n \n Validating three-dimensional imaging for volumetric assessment of periorbital soft tissue.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrbit.\n\t\t\t\t\t2021;\n\t\t\t\t\t40:\n\t\t\t\t\t9\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t17."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b26","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods","volume":"21","author":"Germec-Cakan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Germec-Cakan\n D,\n \n \n Canter\n HI,\n \n \n Nur\n B,\n \n \n Arun\n T.\n \n \n Comparison of facial soft tissue measurements on three-dimensional images and models obtained with different methods.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Craniofac Surg.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t21:\n\t\t\t\t\t1393\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1399."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b01","series-title":"Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. Vol. 283. St Louis, Mo: Mosby;","author":"Proffit","year":"2003","unstructured":"Proffit\n W,\n \n \n White\n R,\n \n \n Sarver\n D.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Treatment of Dentofacial Deformity. Vol. 283. St Louis, Mo: Mosby;\n 2003."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"995","article-title":"Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects","volume":"80","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson\n BM,\n \n \n McNamara\n JA,\n \n \n Bandeen\n RL,\n \n \n Baccetti\n T.\n \n \n Changes in soft tissue nasal widths associated with rapid maxillary expansion in prepubertal and postpubertal subjects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t80:\n\t\t\t\t\t995\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1001."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b03","series-title":"Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd ed","author":"Proffit","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proffit\n WR,\n \n \n Fields\n HW\n Jr,\n \n \n Sarver\n DM.\n \n \n \n Contemporary Orthodontics. 3rd ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier Health Sciences;2006."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b04","series-title":"J Clin Orthod","first-page":"43","article-title":"Air-rotor stripping","volume":"19","author":"Sheridan","year":"1985","unstructured":"Sheridan\n JJ.\n \n \n Air-rotor stripping.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Clin Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1985;\n\t\t\t\t\t19:\n\t\t\t\t\t43\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t59."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b05","series-title":"Removable Orthodontic Appliances","author":"Schwarz","year":"1966","unstructured":"Schwarz\n A,\n \n \n Gratzinger\n M.\n \n \n \n Removable Orthodontic Appliances\n .\n\t\t\t\t\tPhiladelphia:\n\t\t\t\t\tSaunders;1966."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b06","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"753","article-title":"Short-and long-term evaluation of mandibular dental arch dimensional changes in patients treated with a lip bumper during mixed dentition followed by fixed appliances","volume":"86","author":"Raucci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raucci\n G,\n \n \n Pache\u0109o-Pereira\n C,\n \n \n Elyasi\n M,\n \n \n D'Apuzzo\n F,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C,\n \n \n Perillo\n L.\n 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\u0130\u015feri\n H,\n \n \n Karaman\n AI,\n \n \n Mutlu\n N,\n \n \n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckkolba\u015f\u0131\n H.\n \n \n Effects of mandibular symphyseal distraction osteogenesis on mandibular structures.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t130:\n\t\t\t\t\t603\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t611."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b09","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"256","article-title":"Dental stability and radiographic healing patterns after mandibular symphysis widening with distraction osteogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chung\n YW,\n \n \n Tae\n KC.\n \n \n Dental stability and radiographic healing patterns after mandibular symphysis widening with distraction osteogenesis.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t29:\n\t\t\t\t\t256\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t262."},{"key":"i0003-3219-91-5-634-b10","series-title":"Rev Venez Ortod","first-page":"48","article-title":"Rapid mandibular 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