{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:06:29Z","timestamp":1780070789895,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To analyze and compare pharyngeal airflow characteristics pre- and post\u2013mandibular setback surgery in patients with Class III skeletal dysplasia using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Records of 29 patients who had received orthodontic treatment along with mandibular setback surgery were obtained. CBCT scans were obtained at three time points: T1 (before surgery), T2 (average of 6 months after surgery), and T3 (average of 1 year after surgery). Digitized pharyngeal airway models were generated from these scans. CFD was used to simulate and characterize pharyngeal airflow.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Mean airway volume was significantly reduced from 35,490.324 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    at T1 to 24,387.369 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    at T2 and 25,069.459 mm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    at T3. Significant increase in mean negative pressure was noted from 3.110 Pa at T1 to 6.116 Pa at T2 and 6.295 Pa at T3. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the change in airway volume and the change in pressure drop at both the T2 and T3 time points. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between the amount of mandibular setback and change in pressure drop at the T2 time point.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Following mandibular setback surgery, pharyngeal airway volume was decreased and relative mean negative pressure was increased, implying an increased effort required from a patient for maintaining constant pharyngeal airflow. Thus, high-risk patients undergoing a large amount of mandibular setback surgery should be evaluated for obstructive sleep apnea and the proposed treatment plan be revised based on the risk for potential airway compromise.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2319\/122715-892.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,27]],"date-time":"2016-04-27T18:59:43Z","timestamp":1461783583000},"page":"976-982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Computational fluid dynamics for the assessment of upper airway changes in skeletal Class III patients treated with mandibular setback surgery"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Darshit H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resident, Department of Orthodontics, St Louis University, St Louis, Mo."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Orthodontics, St Louis University, St Louis, Mo."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"McQuilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, St Louis University, St Louis, Mo."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Movahed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Orthodontics, St Louis University, St Louis, Mo."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit H.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice, Dallas, Tex."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong I.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"22","article-title":"Evolution of Class III treatment in orthodontics","volume":"148","author":"Ngan \n              P,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ngan \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Moon \n              W. \n            \n          \n          Evolution of Class III treatment in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:22\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b02","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Changes in tongue and hyoid positions, and posterior airway space following mandibular setback surgery","volume":"33","author":"Kawakami \n              M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kawakami \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Yamamoto \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Fujimoto \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ohgi \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Inoue \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Kirita \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Changes in tongue and hyoid positions, and posterior airway space following mandibular setback surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005;33:107\u2013110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b03","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"189","article-title":"Efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement examined with drug-induced sleep endoscopy and computational fluid dynamics airflow modeling","volume":"154","author":"Liu \n              SY,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu \n              SY, \n            \n            \n              Huon \n              LK, \n            \n            \n              Iwasaki \n              T, \n            \n            et al. \n          Efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement examined with drug-induced sleep endoscopy and computational fluid dynamics airflow modeling. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154:189\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b04","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"931","article-title":"Upper airway assessment: radiographic and other imaging techniques","volume":"31","author":"Schwab \n              RJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwab \n              RJ, \n            \n            \n              Goldberg \n              AN. \n            \n          \n          Upper airway assessment: radiographic and other imaging techniques. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998;31:931\u2013968."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b05","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"333","article-title":"Mandibular setback for surgical correction of mandibular hyperplasia\u2014does it provoke sleep-related breathing disorders?","volume":"25","author":"Hochban \n              W,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hochban \n              W, \n            \n            \n              Schurmann \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Brandenburg \n              U, \n            \n            \n              Conradt \n              R. \n            \n          \n          Mandibular setback for surgical correction of mandibular hyperplasia\u2014does it provoke sleep-related breathing disorders?\n          Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:333\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b06","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cephalometric study of the upper airway in surgically corrected Class III skeletal deformity","volume":"17","author":"Samman \n              N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Samman \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Tang \n              SS, \n            \n            \n              Xia \n              J. \n            \n          \n          Cephalometric study of the upper airway in surgically corrected Class III skeletal deformity. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2002;17:180\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b07","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"111","article-title":"Long-term changes of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway size following mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy","volume":"33","author":"Eggensperger \n              N,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eggensperger \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Smolka \n              W, \n            \n            \n              Iizuka \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Long-term changes of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway size following mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005;33:111\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"372","article-title":"Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities","volume":"131","author":"Chen \n              F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Terada \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Hua \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Saito \n              I. \n            \n          \n          Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:372\u2013377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway morphology after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"125","author":"Saitoh \n              K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saitoh \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway morphology after mandibular setback surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:556\u2013561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e385","article-title":"Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery","volume":"69","author":"Sears \n              CR,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears \n              CR, \n            \n            \n              Miller \n              AJ, \n            \n            \n              Chang \n              MK, \n            \n            \n              Huang \n              JC, \n            \n            \n              Lee \n              JS. \n            \n          \n          Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:e385\u2013e394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the posterior airway space after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Sittitavornwong \n              S,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sittitavornwong \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Waite \n              PD, \n            \n            \n              Shih \n              AM, \n            \n            et al. \n          Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the posterior airway space after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:1397\u20131405."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b12","series-title":"J Fluids Eng","first-page":"091101","article-title":"Pharyngeal airflow analysis in obstructive sleep apnea patients pre- and post-maxillomandibular advancement surgery","volume":"131","author":"Huynh \n              J,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huynh \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Kim \n              KB, \n            \n            \n              McQuilling \n              M. \n            \n          \n          Pharyngeal airflow analysis in obstructive sleep apnea patients pre- and post-maxillomandibular advancement surgery. J Fluids Eng. 2009;131:091101\u201310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism","volume":"100","author":"Athanasiou \n              AE,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Athanasiou \n              AE, \n            \n            \n              Toutountzakis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Mavreas \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Ritzau \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Wenzel \n              A. \n            \n          \n          Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:259\u2013265."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b14","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Changes in hypopharyngeal airway space and in tongue and hyoid bone positions following the surgical correction of mandibular prognathism","volume":"9","author":"Enacar \n              A,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Enacar \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Aksoy \n              AU, \n            \n            \n              Sencift \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Haydar \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Aras \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Changes in hypopharyngeal airway space and in tongue and hyoid bone positions following the surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1994;9:285\u2013290."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"23","article-title":"Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone positions after body ostectomies and sagittal split ramus osteotomies","volume":"16","author":"Guven \n              O,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guven \n              O, \n            \n            \n              Saracoglu \n              U. \n            \n          \n          Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone positions after body ostectomies and sagittal split ramus osteotomies. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:23\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b16","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"282","article-title":"Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"58","author":"Tselnik \n              M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tselnik \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Pogrel \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:282\u2013285; discussion 285\u2013287."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b17","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"235","article-title":"The effects of orthognathic surgery on pharyngeal airway dimensions and quality of sleep","volume":"27","author":"Turnbull \n              NR,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Turnbull \n              NR, \n            \n            \n              Battagel \n              JM. \n            \n          \n          The effects of orthognathic surgery on pharyngeal airway dimensions and quality of sleep. J Orthod. 2000;27:235\u2013247."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b18","series-title":"Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 1st ed","author":"Wilcox \n              DC.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilcox \n              DC. \n            \n          \n          Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 1st ed. La C\u00e3nada, Calif: DCW Industries Inc;1993:460."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b19","series-title":"J Biomech","first-page":"3708","article-title":"Functional imaging using computational fluid dynamics to predict treatment success of mandibular advancement devices in sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"40","author":"De Backer \n              JW,","year":"2007","unstructured":"De Backer \n              JW, \n            \n            \n              Vanderveken \n              OM, \n            \n            \n              Vos \n              WG, \n            \n            et al. \n          Functional imaging using computational fluid dynamics to predict treatment success of mandibular advancement devices in sleep-disordered breathing. J Biomech. 2007;40:3708\u20133714."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b20","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e639","article-title":"Dolzan Ado N, Haas OL Jr, De Oliveira RB. 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J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;70:e639\u2013e647."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b21","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"133","article-title":"Natural head posture, upper airway morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in adults","volume":"20","author":"Ozbek \n              MM,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek \n              MM, \n            \n            \n              Miyamoto \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Lowe \n              AA, \n            \n            \n              Fleetham \n              JA. \n            \n          \n          Natural head posture, upper airway morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:133\u2013143."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b22","series-title":"Sleep Med","first-page":"966","article-title":"Patterns in pharyngeal airflow associated with sleep-disordered breathing","volume":"12","author":"Powell \n              NB,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Powell \n              NB, \n            \n            \n              Mihaescu \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Mylavarapu \n              G, \n            \n            \n              Weaver \n              EM, \n            \n            \n              Guilleminault \n              C, \n            \n            \n              Gutmark \n              E. \n            \n          \n          Patterns in pharyngeal airflow associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Med. 2011;12:966\u2013974."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b01","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"22","article-title":"Evolution of Class III treatment in orthodontics","volume":"148","author":"Ngan \n              P,","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ngan \n              P, \n            \n            \n              Moon \n              W. \n            \n          \n          Evolution of Class III treatment in orthodontics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148:22\u201336."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b02","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Changes in tongue and hyoid positions, and posterior airway space following mandibular setback surgery","volume":"33","author":"Kawakami \n              M,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kawakami \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Yamamoto \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Fujimoto \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Ohgi \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Inoue \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Kirita \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Changes in tongue and hyoid positions, and posterior airway space following mandibular setback surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005;33:107\u2013110."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b03","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"189","article-title":"Efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement examined with drug-induced sleep endoscopy and computational fluid dynamics airflow modeling","volume":"154","author":"Liu \n              SY,","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu \n              SY, \n            \n            \n              Huon \n              LK, \n            \n            \n              Iwasaki \n              T, \n            \n            et al. \n          Efficacy of maxillomandibular advancement examined with drug-induced sleep endoscopy and computational fluid dynamics airflow modeling. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154:189\u2013195."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b04","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"931","article-title":"Upper airway assessment: radiographic and other imaging techniques","volume":"31","author":"Schwab \n              RJ,","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schwab \n              RJ, \n            \n            \n              Goldberg \n              AN. \n            \n          \n          Upper airway assessment: radiographic and other imaging techniques. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998;31:931\u2013968."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b05","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"333","article-title":"Mandibular setback for surgical correction of mandibular hyperplasia\u2014does it provoke sleep-related breathing disorders?","volume":"25","author":"Hochban \n              W,","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hochban \n              W, \n            \n            \n              Schurmann \n              R, \n            \n            \n              Brandenburg \n              U, \n            \n            \n              Conradt \n              R. \n            \n          \n          Mandibular setback for surgical correction of mandibular hyperplasia\u2014does it provoke sleep-related breathing disorders?\n          Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;25:333\u2013338."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b06","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"180","article-title":"Cephalometric study of the upper airway in surgically corrected Class III skeletal deformity","volume":"17","author":"Samman \n              N,","year":"2002","unstructured":"Samman \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Tang \n              SS, \n            \n            \n              Xia \n              J. \n            \n          \n          Cephalometric study of the upper airway in surgically corrected Class III skeletal deformity. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 2002;17:180\u2013190."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b07","series-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg","first-page":"111","article-title":"Long-term changes of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway size following mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy","volume":"33","author":"Eggensperger \n              N,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eggensperger \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Smolka \n              W, \n            \n            \n              Iizuka \n              T. \n            \n          \n          Long-term changes of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway size following mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005;33:111\u2013117."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"372","article-title":"Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities","volume":"131","author":"Chen \n              F,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chen \n              F, \n            \n            \n              Terada \n              K, \n            \n            \n              Hua \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Saito \n              I. \n            \n          \n          Effects of bimaxillary surgery and mandibular setback surgery on pharyngeal airway measurements in patients with Class III skeletal deformities. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131:372\u2013377."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"556","article-title":"Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway morphology after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"125","author":"Saitoh \n              K.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Saitoh \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Long-term changes in pharyngeal airway morphology after mandibular setback surgery. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;125:556\u2013561."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b10","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"e385","article-title":"Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery","volume":"69","author":"Sears \n              CR,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sears \n              CR, \n            \n            \n              Miller \n              AJ, \n            \n            \n              Chang \n              MK, \n            \n            \n              Huang \n              JC, \n            \n            \n              Lee \n              JS. \n            \n          \n          Comparison of pharyngeal airway changes on plain radiography and cone-beam computed tomography after orthognathic surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:e385\u2013e394."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b11","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"1397","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the posterior airway space after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Sittitavornwong \n              S,","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sittitavornwong \n              S, \n            \n            \n              Waite \n              PD, \n            \n            \n              Shih \n              AM, \n            \n            et al. \n          Computational fluid dynamic analysis of the posterior airway space after maxillomandibular advancement for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013;71:1397\u20131405."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b12","series-title":"J Fluids Eng","first-page":"091101","article-title":"Pharyngeal airflow analysis in obstructive sleep apnea patients pre- and post-maxillomandibular advancement surgery","volume":"131","author":"Huynh \n              J,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Huynh \n              J, \n            \n            \n              Kim \n              KB, \n            \n            \n              McQuilling \n              M. \n            \n          \n          Pharyngeal airflow analysis in obstructive sleep apnea patients pre- and post-maxillomandibular advancement surgery. J Fluids Eng. 2009;131:091101\u201310."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b13","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism","volume":"100","author":"Athanasiou \n              AE,","year":"1991","unstructured":"Athanasiou \n              AE, \n            \n            \n              Toutountzakis \n              N, \n            \n            \n              Mavreas \n              D, \n            \n            \n              Ritzau \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Wenzel \n              A. \n            \n          \n          Alterations of hyoid bone position and pharyngeal depth and their relationship after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;100:259\u2013265."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b14","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Changes in hypopharyngeal airway space and in tongue and hyoid bone positions following the surgical correction of mandibular prognathism","volume":"9","author":"Enacar \n              A,","year":"1994","unstructured":"Enacar \n              A, \n            \n            \n              Aksoy \n              AU, \n            \n            \n              Sencift \n              Y, \n            \n            \n              Haydar \n              B, \n            \n            \n              Aras \n              K. \n            \n          \n          Changes in hypopharyngeal airway space and in tongue and hyoid bone positions following the surgical correction of mandibular prognathism. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1994;9:285\u2013290."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b15","series-title":"J Craniofac Surg","first-page":"23","article-title":"Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone positions after body ostectomies and sagittal split ramus osteotomies","volume":"16","author":"Guven \n              O,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Guven \n              O, \n            \n            \n              Saracoglu \n              U. \n            \n          \n          Changes in pharyngeal airway space and hyoid bone positions after body ostectomies and sagittal split ramus osteotomies. J Craniofac Surg. 2005;16:23\u201330."},{"key":"i0003-3219-86-6-976-b16","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"282","article-title":"Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery","volume":"58","author":"Tselnik \n              M,","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tselnik \n              M, \n            \n            \n              Pogrel \n              MA. \n            \n          \n          Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. 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