{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T06:57:55Z","timestamp":1781938675295,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the influence of the lower lip prominence for varying degrees of chin prominence in the sagittal plane and to establish whether lower lip prominence affects the perceived desire for surgery. To assess differences in preference between orthodontists and laypeople as well as the effect of age, gender, and ethnicity of observers on perceptions of attractiveness and desire for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A silhouette of an idealized profile image was created. The image was manipulated to create six images demonstrating different degrees of retrogenia and progenia altered in 4-mm increments from \u221212\u00a0mm to +12\u00a0mm and six images demonstrating chin and lower lip prominence in 4-mm increments from \u221212\u00a0mm to +12\u00a0mm. One hundred laypeople and 30 orthodontists ranked the images from the most to the least attractive. A duplicate of one of the images was used in order to assess intraexaminer reliability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The amount and direction of sagittal chin position and the prominence of the lower lip were found to have a significant effect on image rank. Chin protrusion was less attractive than retrusion and surgery was desired more often for these images. The overall direction of opinion was the same for laypeople and orthodontists.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n The chin prominence observed in a progenic patient is deemed less attractive than the combined chin and lower lip prominence observed in a patient with mandibular prognathism. In profiles with a more prominent chin a more protrusive lower lip position was preferred. When the chin was retrusive, a normal lower lip position was preferred to a retrusive lip.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/122912-974.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,26]],"date-time":"2013-03-26T09:33:14Z","timestamp":1364290394000},"page":"795-800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["The influence of lower lip position on the perceived attractiveness of chin prominence"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Faranak","family":"Modarai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Registrar, Department of Orthodontics, Kingston Hospital and King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane Catalina","family":"Donaldson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lecturer, Biostatistics & Research Methods Centre, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad B.","family":"Naini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant\/Honorary Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Kingston and St George's Hospitals & St George's Medical School, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b01","series-title":"Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis","author":"Naini\n FB.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naini\n FB. \n \n Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b02","series-title":"Am J Surg.","first-page":"1958;95:231\u2013236","article-title":"Combined plastic surgery of the nose and chin: resume of 27\u00a0years of experience","author":"Aufricht\n G.","unstructured":"Aufricht\n G. \n \n Combined plastic surgery of the nose and chin: resume of 27\u00a0years of experience. Am J Surg.. 1958;95:231\u2013236."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"674","article-title":"Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profiles","volume":"113","author":"Kasai\n K.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kasai\n K. \n \n Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:674\u2013684."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"683","article-title":"Ethnic differences in upper lip response to incisor retraction","volume":"127","author":"Brock\n RA,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brock\n RA, \n \n Taylor\n RW, \n \n Buschang\n PH, \n \n Behrents\n RG. \n \n Ethnic differences in upper lip response to incisor retraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:683\u2013691."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957;27:14\u201337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"729\u2013755","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me","volume":"39","author":"Steiner\n CC.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC. \n \n Cephalometrics for you and me. Am J Orthod. 1953;39:729\u2013755."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck\n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck\n H, \n \n Peck\n S. \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:284\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"180","article-title":"Perceptions of a balanced facial profile","volume":"104","author":"Czarnecki\n ST,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czarnecki\n ST, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF. \n \n Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104:180\u2013187."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"36","article-title":"Influence of chin prominence on esthetic lip profile preferences","volume":"132","author":"Coleman\n GG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coleman\n GG, \n \n Lindauer\n SJ, \n \n T\u00fcfek\u00e7i\n E, \n \n Shroff\n B, \n \n Best\n AM. \n \n Influence of chin prominence on esthetic lip profile preferences. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:36\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b10","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"99","article-title":"A method of assessing facial profile attractiveness and its application in comparing the aesthetic preferences of two samples of South Africans","volume":"38","author":"Morar\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morar\n A, \n \n Stein\n E. \n \n A method of assessing facial profile attractiveness and its application in comparing the aesthetic preferences of two samples of South Africans. J Orthod. 2011;38:99\u2013106."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b11","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"839","article-title":"Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson","volume":"41","author":"Naini\n FB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naini\n FB, \n \n Donaldson\n AN, \n \n McDonald\n F, \n \n Cobourne\n MT. \n \n Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:839\u2013846."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"738","article-title":"Assessing the influence of mandibular prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson","volume":"34","author":"Naini\n FB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naini\n FB, \n \n Donaldson\n AN, \n \n Cobourne\n MT, \n \n McDonald\n F. \n \n Assessing the influence of mandibular prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:738\u2013746."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b13","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"289","article-title":"The social psychological implications of facial physical attractiveness","volume":"9","author":"Berscheid\n E,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Berscheid\n E, \n \n Gangestad\n S. \n \n The social psychological implications of facial physical attractiveness. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:289\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"73","article-title":"Influence of anteroposterior mandibular positions on facial attractiveness in Japanese adults","volume":"135","author":"Kuroda\n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuroda\n S, \n \n Sugahara\n T, \n \n Takabatake\n S, \n \n Taketa\n H, \n \n Ando\n R, \n \n Takano-Yamamoto\n T. \n \n Influence of anteroposterior mandibular positions on facial attractiveness in Japanese adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:73\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b15","series-title":"J Int Oral Health","first-page":"47","article-title":"Preference of lip profile in varying mandibular sagittal position","volume":"3","author":"Singh\n J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh\n J. \n \n Preference of lip profile in varying mandibular sagittal position. J Int Oral Health. 2011;3:47\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b16","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"291","article-title":"A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians","volume":"14","author":"Cochrane\n SM,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cochrane\n SM, \n \n Cunningham\n SJ, \n \n Hunt\n NP. \n \n A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:291\u2013295."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b01","series-title":"Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis","author":"Naini\n FB.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Naini\n FB. \n \n Facial Aesthetics: Concepts and Clinical Diagnosis. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b02","series-title":"Am J Surg.","first-page":"1958;95:231\u2013236","article-title":"Combined plastic surgery of the nose and chin: resume of 27\u00a0years of experience","author":"Aufricht\n G.","unstructured":"Aufricht\n G. \n \n Combined plastic surgery of the nose and chin: resume of 27\u00a0years of experience. Am J Surg.. 1958;95:231\u2013236."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"674","article-title":"Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profiles","volume":"113","author":"Kasai\n K.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kasai\n K. \n \n Soft tissue adaptability to hard tissues in facial profiles. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;113:674\u2013684."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b04","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"683","article-title":"Ethnic differences in upper lip response to incisor retraction","volume":"127","author":"Brock\n RA,","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brock\n RA, \n \n Taylor\n RW, \n \n Buschang\n PH, \n \n Behrents\n RG. \n \n Ethnic differences in upper lip response to incisor retraction. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;127:683\u2013691."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b05","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"14","article-title":"Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth","volume":"27","author":"Ricketts\n RM.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Ricketts\n RM. \n \n Planning treatment on the basis of the facial pattern and an estimate of its growth. Angle Orthod. 1957;27:14\u201337."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"729\u2013755","article-title":"Cephalometrics for you and me","volume":"39","author":"Steiner\n CC.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Steiner\n CC. \n \n Cephalometrics for you and me. Am J Orthod. 1953;39:729\u2013755."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck\n H,","year":"1970","unstructured":"Peck\n H, \n \n Peck\n S. \n \n A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthod. 1970;40:284\u2013318."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"180","article-title":"Perceptions of a balanced facial profile","volume":"104","author":"Czarnecki\n ST,","year":"1993","unstructured":"Czarnecki\n ST, \n \n Nanda\n RS, \n \n Currier\n GF. \n \n Perceptions of a balanced facial profile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104:180\u2013187."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"36","article-title":"Influence of chin prominence on esthetic lip profile preferences","volume":"132","author":"Coleman\n GG,","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coleman\n GG, \n \n Lindauer\n SJ, \n \n T\u00fcfek\u00e7i\n E, \n \n Shroff\n B, \n \n Best\n AM. \n \n Influence of chin prominence on esthetic lip profile preferences. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132:36\u201342."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b10","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"99","article-title":"A method of assessing facial profile attractiveness and its application in comparing the aesthetic preferences of two samples of South Africans","volume":"38","author":"Morar\n A,","year":"2011","unstructured":"Morar\n A, \n \n Stein\n E. \n \n A method of assessing facial profile attractiveness and its application in comparing the aesthetic preferences of two samples of South Africans. J Orthod. 2011;38:99\u2013106."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b11","series-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg","first-page":"839","article-title":"Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson","volume":"41","author":"Naini\n FB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naini\n FB, \n \n Donaldson\n AN, \n \n McDonald\n F, \n \n Cobourne\n MT. \n \n Assessing the influence of chin prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;41:839\u2013846."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b12","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"738","article-title":"Assessing the influence of mandibular prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson","volume":"34","author":"Naini\n FB,","year":"2012","unstructured":"Naini\n FB, \n \n Donaldson\n AN, \n \n Cobourne\n MT, \n \n McDonald\n F. \n \n Assessing the influence of mandibular prominence on perceived attractiveness in the orthognathic patient, clinician and layperson. Eur J Orthod. 2012;34:738\u2013746."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b13","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"289","article-title":"The social psychological implications of facial physical attractiveness","volume":"9","author":"Berscheid\n E,","year":"1982","unstructured":"Berscheid\n E, \n \n Gangestad\n S. \n \n The social psychological implications of facial physical attractiveness. Clin Plast Surg. 1982;9:289\u2013296."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b14","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"73","article-title":"Influence of anteroposterior mandibular positions on facial attractiveness in Japanese adults","volume":"135","author":"Kuroda\n S,","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kuroda\n S, \n \n Sugahara\n T, \n \n Takabatake\n S, \n \n Taketa\n H, \n \n Ando\n R, \n \n Takano-Yamamoto\n T. \n \n Influence of anteroposterior mandibular positions on facial attractiveness in Japanese adults. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:73\u201378."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b15","series-title":"J Int Oral Health","first-page":"47","article-title":"Preference of lip profile in varying mandibular sagittal position","volume":"3","author":"Singh\n J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Singh\n J. \n \n Preference of lip profile in varying mandibular sagittal position. J Int Oral Health. 2011;3:47\u201357."},{"key":"i0003-3219-83-5-795-b16","series-title":"Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg","first-page":"291","article-title":"A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians","volume":"14","author":"Cochrane\n SM,","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cochrane\n SM, \n \n Cunningham\n SJ, \n \n Hunt\n NP. \n \n A comparison of the perception of facial profile by the general public and 3 groups of clinicians. Int J Adult Orthod Orthognath Surg. 1999;14:291\u2013295."}],"container-title":["The Angle Orthodontist"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/5\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/meridian.allenpress.com\/angle-orthodontist\/article-pdf\/83\/5\/795\/1397017\/122912-974_1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/5\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/angl\/83\/5\/article-p795.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:08:54Z","timestamp":1780070934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/angle-orthodontist.kglmeridian.com\/view\/journals\/angl\/83\/5\/article-p795.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/122912-974.1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-3219","1945-7103"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-3219","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7103","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}}}