{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:03:47Z","timestamp":1792649027109,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess the efficacy and efficiency of treatment in adolescents presenting with mild malocclusions, comparing outcomes using clear aligners to fixed appliances.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients identified retrospectively and consecutively from one private practice had been treated with either clear aligners (Invisalign, Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) or fixed appliances (0.022 Damon, Ormco, Orange, Calif; n = 26\/group). Assessments of occlusion were made using the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index (DI) for initial records and Cast-Radiograph Evaluation (CRE) for final records. Number of appointments, number of emergency visits, and overall treatment time were determined from chart reviews. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation, Wilcoxon rank tests, unpaired\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests, and Chi-square tests, with significance set to\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Pretreatment, the aligner and fixed groups showed no significant difference in overall severity (DI: 11.9 \u00b1 5.3 vs 11.6 \u00b1 4.8) or in any individual DI category. Posttreatment scores showed finishes for the aligner group had fewer discrepancies from ideal relative to the fixed appliance group (CRE: 30.1 \u00b1 8.3 vs 37.0 \u00b1 9.3;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .01). Patients treated with aligners had fewer appointments (13.7 \u00b1 4.4 vs 19.3 \u00b1 3.6;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001), fewer emergency visits (0.8 \u00b1 1.0 vs 3.6 \u00b1 2.5;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001), and shorter overall treatment time (16.9 \u00b1 5.7 vs 23.4 \u00b1 4.4 months;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .0001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Outcomes for treatment of mild malocclusions in adolescents showed equivalent effectiveness of clear aligners compared to fixed appliances, with significantly improved results for clear aligner treatment in terms of tooth alignment, occlusal relations, and overjet. Assessment of the number of appointments, number of emergency visits, and overall treatment time showed better outcomes for treatment with clear aligners.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/122919-844.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T06:14:09Z","timestamp":1588054449000},"page":"485-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Outcome assessment of orthodontic clear aligner vs fixed appliance treatment in a teenage population with mild malocclusions"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Alissa F.","family":"Borda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judah S.","family":"Garfinkle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Covell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Sedgley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b01","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"154","article-title":"Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part II","volume":"31","author":"Hajeer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hajeer\n MY,\n \n \n Millett\n DT,\n \n \n Ayoub\n AF,\n \n \n Siebert\n JP.\n \n \n Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part II.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t154\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t162."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b02","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1724","article-title":"The treatment effects of Invisalign orthodontic aligners. A systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Lagravere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n The treatment effects of Invisalign orthodontic aligners. A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Dent Assoc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t136:\n\t\t\t\t\t1724\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1729."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b03","series-title":"Ann Stomatol","first-page":"23","article-title":"Self-ligating versus Invisalign: analysis of dentoalveolar effects","volume":"2","author":"Pavoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pavoni\n C,\n \n \n Lione\n R,\n \n \n Lagana\n G,\n \n \n Cozza\n P.\n \n \n Self-ligating versus Invisalign: analysis of dentoalveolar effects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Stomatol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t27."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"68","article-title":"Clear aligners generations and orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"43","author":"Hennessy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy\n J,\n \n \n Al-Awadhi\n EA.\n \n \n Clear aligners generations and orthodontic tooth movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t68\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t76."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b05","article-title":"Align Technology reaches 1 million Invisalign teenagers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Align Technology.\n\t\t\t\t\tAlign Technology reaches 1 million Invisalign teenagers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable at: http:\/\/www.marketwired.com\/press-release\/align-technology-reaches-1-million-invisalign-teenagers-nasdaq-algn-2218179.htm. Accessed May 24,2017."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Outcomes assessment of Invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment compared with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system","volume":"128","author":"Djeu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Djeu\n G,\n \n \n Shelton\n C,\n \n \n Maganzini\n A.\n \n \n Outcomes assessment of Invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment compared with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t128:\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t298."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"864","article-title":"and traditional orthodontic treatment post retention outcomes compared using the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System","volume":"77","author":"Kuncio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuncio\n D,\n \n \n Maganzini\n A,\n \n \n Shelton\n C,\n \n \n Invisalign\n Freeman K.\n \n \n and traditional orthodontic treatment post retention outcomes compared using the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t77:\n\t\t\t\t\t864\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t869."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Evaluation of Invisalign treatment effectiveness and efficiency compared with conventional fixed appliances using the Peer Assessment Rating Index","volume":"151","author":"Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu\n J,\n \n \n Tang\n JS,\n \n \n Skulski\n B,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Evaluation of Invisalign treatment effectiveness and efficiency compared with conventional fixed appliances using the Peer Assessment Rating Index.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t259\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t266."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b09","series-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med","first-page":"8276","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Invisalign appliance in extraction cases using the ABO model grading system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li\n W,\n \n \n Wang\n S,\n \n \n Zhang\n Y.\n \n \n The effectiveness of the Invisalign appliance in extraction cases using the ABO model grading system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Clin Exp Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t8276\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8282."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners","volume":"86","author":"Hennessy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy\n J,\n \n \n Garvey\n T,\n \n \n Al-Awadhi\n EA.\n \n \n A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86:\n\t\t\t\t\t706\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b11","article-title":"The American Board of Orthodontics grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs","year":"2014","unstructured":"The American Board of Orthodontics grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable at: https:\/\/www.americanboardortho.com\/media\/1191\/grading-system-casts-radiographs.pdf. Accessed May 1,2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"245","article-title":"The effects of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of rat","volume":"93","author":"Bridges","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bridges\n T,\n \n \n King\n G,\n \n \n Mohammed\n A.\n \n \n The effects of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of rat.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t93:\n\t\t\t\t\t245\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Influences of aging changes in proliferative rate of PDL cells during experimental tooth movement in rats","volume":"67","author":"Kyomen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kyomen\n S,\n \n \n Tanne\n K.\n \n \n Influences of aging changes in proliferative rate of PDL cells during experimental tooth movement in rats.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b14","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"38","article-title":"Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Age-dependent biologic response to orthodontic forces","volume":"82","author":"Ren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ren\n Y,\n \n \n Maltha\n JC,\n \n \n Van't Hof\n MA,\n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM.\n \n \n Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Age-dependent biologic response to orthodontic forces.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2003;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t38\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t42."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b15","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"1333","article-title":"and bone","volume":"89","author":"Boskey","year":"2010","unstructured":"Boskey\n AL,\n \n \n Aging\n Coleman R.\n \n \n and bone.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t1333\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1348."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b16","series-title":"J Dent Educ","first-page":"948","article-title":"Esthetic orthodontic treatment using the Invisalign appliance for moderate to complex malocclusions","volume":"72","author":"Boyd","year":"2008","unstructured":"Boyd\n R.\n \n \n Esthetic orthodontic treatment using the Invisalign appliance for moderate to complex malocclusions.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Dent Educ.\n\t\t\t\t\t2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t72:\n\t\t\t\t\t948\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t967."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b17","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"974","article-title":"Relationship between pretreatment case complexity and orthodontic clinical outcomes determined by the American Board of Orthodontics criteria","volume":"84","author":"Cansunar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cansunar\n HA,\n \n \n Uysal\n T.\n \n \n Relationship between pretreatment case complexity and orthodontic clinical outcomes determined by the American Board of Orthodontics criteria.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t84:\n\t\t\t\t\t974\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t979."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b18","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"468","article-title":"The association of malocclusion complexity and orthodontic treatment outcomes","volume":"79","author":"Pulfer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pulfer\n RM,\n \n \n Drake\n CT,\n \n \n Maupome\n G,\n \n \n Eckert\n GJ,\n \n \n Roberts\n E.\n \n \n The association of malocclusion complexity and orthodontic treatment outcomes.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2009;\n\t\t\t\t\t79:\n\t\t\t\t\t468\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t472."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"270","article-title":"The ABO discrepancy index: a measure of case complexity","volume":"125","author":"Cangialosi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cangialosi\n TJ,\n \n \n Riolo\n ML,\n \n \n Owens\n E,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n The ABO discrepancy index: a measure of case complexity.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t125:\n\t\t\t\t\t270\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t278."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b01","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"154","article-title":"Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part II","volume":"31","author":"Hajeer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hajeer\n MY,\n \n \n Millett\n DT,\n \n \n Ayoub\n AF,\n \n \n Siebert\n JP.\n \n \n Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part II.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2004;\n\t\t\t\t\t31:\n\t\t\t\t\t154\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t162."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b02","series-title":"J Am Dent Assoc","first-page":"1724","article-title":"The treatment effects of Invisalign orthodontic aligners. A systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Lagravere","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lagravere\n MO,\n \n \n Flores-Mir\n C.\n \n \n The treatment effects of Invisalign orthodontic aligners. A systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Dent Assoc.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t136:\n\t\t\t\t\t1724\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t1729."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b03","series-title":"Ann Stomatol","first-page":"23","article-title":"Self-ligating versus Invisalign: analysis of dentoalveolar effects","volume":"2","author":"Pavoni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pavoni\n C,\n \n \n Lione\n R,\n \n \n Lagana\n G,\n \n \n Cozza\n P.\n \n \n Self-ligating versus Invisalign: analysis of dentoalveolar effects.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnn Stomatol.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t2:\n\t\t\t\t\t23\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t27."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b04","series-title":"J Orthod","first-page":"68","article-title":"Clear aligners generations and orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"43","author":"Hennessy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy\n J,\n \n \n Al-Awadhi\n EA.\n \n \n Clear aligners generations and orthodontic tooth movement.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t43:\n\t\t\t\t\t68\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t76."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b05","article-title":"Align Technology reaches 1 million Invisalign teenagers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Align Technology.\n\t\t\t\t\tAlign Technology reaches 1 million Invisalign teenagers.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable at: http:\/\/www.marketwired.com\/press-release\/align-technology-reaches-1-million-invisalign-teenagers-nasdaq-algn-2218179.htm. Accessed May 24,2017."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"292","article-title":"Outcomes assessment of Invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment compared with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system","volume":"128","author":"Djeu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Djeu\n G,\n \n \n Shelton\n C,\n \n \n Maganzini\n A.\n \n \n Outcomes assessment of Invisalign and traditional orthodontic treatment compared with the American Board of Orthodontics objective grading system.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t128:\n\t\t\t\t\t292\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t298."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b07","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"864","article-title":"and traditional orthodontic treatment post retention outcomes compared using the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System","volume":"77","author":"Kuncio","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kuncio\n D,\n \n \n Maganzini\n A,\n \n \n Shelton\n C,\n \n \n Invisalign\n Freeman K.\n \n \n and traditional orthodontic treatment post retention outcomes compared using the American Board of Orthodontics Objective Grading System.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t77:\n\t\t\t\t\t864\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t869."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"259","article-title":"Evaluation of Invisalign treatment effectiveness and efficiency compared with conventional fixed appliances using the Peer Assessment Rating Index","volume":"151","author":"Gu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gu\n J,\n \n \n Tang\n JS,\n \n \n Skulski\n B,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Evaluation of Invisalign treatment effectiveness and efficiency compared with conventional fixed appliances using the Peer Assessment Rating Index.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t151:\n\t\t\t\t\t259\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t266."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b09","series-title":"Int J Clin Exp Med","first-page":"8276","article-title":"The effectiveness of the Invisalign appliance in extraction cases using the ABO model grading system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li\n W,\n \n \n Wang\n S,\n \n \n Zhang\n Y.\n \n \n The effectiveness of the Invisalign appliance in extraction cases using the ABO model grading system: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Clin Exp Med.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t8276\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t8282."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b10","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"706","article-title":"A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners","volume":"86","author":"Hennessy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hennessy\n J,\n \n \n Garvey\n T,\n \n \n Al-Awadhi\n EA.\n \n \n A randomized clinical trial comparing mandibular incisor proclination produced by fixed labial appliances and clear aligners.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2016;\n\t\t\t\t\t86:\n\t\t\t\t\t706\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t712."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b11","article-title":"The American Board of Orthodontics grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs","year":"2014","unstructured":"The American Board of Orthodontics grading system for dental casts and panoramic radiographs.\n\t\t\t\t\tAvailable at: https:\/\/www.americanboardortho.com\/media\/1191\/grading-system-casts-radiographs.pdf. Accessed May 1,2014."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"245","article-title":"The effects of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of rat","volume":"93","author":"Bridges","year":"1988","unstructured":"Bridges\n T,\n \n \n King\n G,\n \n \n Mohammed\n A.\n \n \n The effects of age on tooth movement and mineral density in the alveolar tissues of rat.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t93:\n\t\t\t\t\t245\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b13","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"67","article-title":"Influences of aging changes in proliferative rate of PDL cells during experimental tooth movement in rats","volume":"67","author":"Kyomen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kyomen\n S,\n \n \n Tanne\n K.\n \n \n Influences of aging changes in proliferative rate of PDL cells during experimental tooth movement in rats.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1997;\n\t\t\t\t\t67:\n\t\t\t\t\t67\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t72."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-4-485-b14","series-title":"J Dent Res","first-page":"38","article-title":"Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Age-dependent biologic response to orthodontic forces","volume":"82","author":"Ren","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ren\n Y,\n \n \n Maltha\n JC,\n \n \n Van't Hof\n MA,\n \n \n Kuijpers-Jagtman\n AM.\n \n \n Age effect on orthodontic tooth movement in rats. 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