{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:25:52Z","timestamp":1780482352142,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"The Angle Orthodontist (EH Angle Education & Research Foundation)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effects of adhesive precoated (APC) flash-free brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal status in patients during fixed orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Thirty patients, age 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I or Class II malocclusion with mild to moderate crowding in the permanent dentition were selected for this study. APC flash-free and conventional ceramic brackets were bonded for a split-mouth study design. The quadrant allocation was randomized. Demineralization records were obtained immediately after bonding (T0), 1 month after bonding (T1), and 6 months after bonding (T2). Clinical periodontal measurements, including gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding upon probing, were obtained before bonding (T0) and at the same time points (T1 and T2). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n and Friedman tests to compare parameters between groups and times.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Demineralization values decreased on most sides of the brackets for both groups between T0 and T1. In the conventional group, there was significantly higher demineralization on more sides compared with flash-free brackets between T1 and T2. With one exception, the decreased values were found in the incisal\/occlusal sides of all brackets at T2. All periodontal parameters showed significant increases after 6 months of treatment in both groups. Intergroup comparison showed no significant differences in demineralization or periodontal measurements at any of the time points.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The effects of APC flash-free and conventional brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal health did not differ from each other.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2319\/80819-518.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T12:09:42Z","timestamp":1581422982000},"page":"339-346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of adhesive flash-free brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal status"],"prefix":"10.2319","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Ayten","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serpil","family":"\u00c7okako\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1164","reference":[{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b01","series-title":"Oral Health Dent Manag","first-page":"285","article-title":"Minimal intervention dentistry in general practice","volume":"13","author":"Brostek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brostek\n A,\n \n \n Walsh\n L.\n \n \n Minimal intervention dentistry in general practice.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Health Dent Manag.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t285\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"260","article-title":"A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: a first clinical and stereomicroscopic study","volume":"86","author":"Foersch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foersch\n M,\n \n \n Schuster\n C,\n \n \n Rahimi\n RK,\n \n \n Wehrbein\n H,\n \n \n Jacobs\n C.\n \n \n A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: a first clinical and stereomicroscopic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t86:\n\t\t\t\t\t260\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"621","article-title":"Comparative assessment of bonding time and 1-year bracket survival using flash-free and conventional adhesives for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid\n T,\n \n \n Larson\n BE.\n \n \n Comparative assessment of bonding time and 1-year bracket survival using flash-free and conventional adhesives for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t154:\n\t\t\t\t\t621\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"299","article-title":"A comparative assessment of bracket survival and adhesive removal time using flash-free or conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid\n T,\n \n \n Larson\n BE.\n \n \n A comparative assessment of bracket survival and adhesive removal time using flash-free or conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t299\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b05","series-title":"Orthod Fr","first-page":"191","article-title":"Comparison of adhesive seal morphology between APC\u2122 Plus and APC\u2122 Flash-Free adhesive coated brackets","volume":"89","author":"Jung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung\n A,\n \n \n Egloff\n B,\n \n \n Schweitzer\n T.\n \n \n Comparison of adhesive seal morphology between APC\u2122 Plus and APC\u2122 Flash-Free adhesive coated brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Fr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t191\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"68","article-title":"Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development","volume":"94","author":"Ogaard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ogaard\n B,\n \n \n R\u00f8lla\n G,\n \n \n Arends\n J.\n \n \n Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t68\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"423","article-title":"Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment","volume":"96","author":"Ogaard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ogaard\n B.\n \n \n Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t423\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t427."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"93","article-title":"Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding","volume":"81","author":"Gorelick","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gorelick\n L,\n \n \n Geiger\n AM,\n \n \n Gwinnett\n AJ.\n \n \n Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t93\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t98."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"62","article-title":"Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment","volume":"82","author":"Mizrahi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mizrahi\n E.\n \n \n Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t62\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances","volume":"8","author":"Artun","year":"1986","unstructured":"Artun\n J,\n \n \n Brobakken\n BO.\n \n \n Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t229\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"353","article-title":"Enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment\u2014incidence and correlation to various oral-hygiene parameters","volume":"68","author":"Lovrov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lovrov\n S,\n \n \n Hertrich\n K,\n \n \n Hirschfelder\n U.\n \n \n Enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment\u2014incidence and correlation to various oral-hygiene parameters.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t68:\n\t\t\t\t\t353\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"188","article-title":"Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances","volume":"138","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman\n JA,\n \n \n Roberts\n WE,\n \n \n Eckert\n GJ,\n \n \n Kula\n KS,\n \n \n Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabezas\n C.\n \n \n Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t138:\n\t\t\t\t\t188\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t194."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Factors affecting the formation, severity and location of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"5","author":"Khalaf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalaf\n K.\n \n \n Factors affecting the formation, severity and location of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t5:\n\t\t\t\t\te4."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b14","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"121","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition","volume":"22","author":"Sillness","year":"1964","unstructured":"Sillness\n P,\n \n \n L\u00f6e\n H.\n \n \n Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition.\n\t\t\t\t\tActa Odontol Scand.\n\t\t\t\t\t1964;\n\t\t\t\t\t22:\n\t\t\t\t\t121\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t135."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b15","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"610","article-title":"The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems","volume":"38","author":"L\u00f6e","year":"1967","unstructured":"L\u00f6e\n H.\n \n \n The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Periodontol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1967;\n\t\t\t\t\t38:\n\t\t\t\t\t610\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t616."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b16","series-title":"J Periodontol","first-page":"684","article-title":"The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. A literature review","volume":"55","author":"Greenstein","year":"1984","unstructured":"Greenstein\n G.\n \n \n The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. A literature review.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Periodontol.\n\t\t\t\t\t1984;\n\t\t\t\t\t55:\n\t\t\t\t\t684\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t688."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b17","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"475","article-title":"Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study","volume":"23","author":"Sukontapatipark","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sukontapatipark\n W,\n \n \n el-Agroudi\n MA,\n \n \n Selliseth\n NJ,\n \n \n Thunold\n K,\n \n \n Selvig\n KA.\n \n \n Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t23:\n\t\t\t\t\t475\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t484."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b18","series-title":"Australas Dent Pract","first-page":"122","article-title":"Shining light on caries (and more): the new DiagnoDENT pen","volume":"16","author":"Walsh","year":"2005","unstructured":"Walsh\n LJ.\n \n \n Shining light on caries (and more): the new DiagnoDENT pen.\n\t\t\t\t\tAustralas Dent Pract.\n\t\t\t\t\t2005;\n\t\t\t\t\t16:\n\t\t\t\t\t122\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t124."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b19","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"e17","article-title":"White-spot lesions during multibracket appliance treatment: a challenge for clinical excellence","volume":"140","author":"Enaia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Enaia\n M,\n \n \n Bock\n N,\n \n \n Ruf\n S.\n \n \n White-spot lesions during multibracket appliance treatment: a challenge for clinical excellence.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2011;\n\t\t\t\t\t140:\n\t\t\t\t\te17\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\te24."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b20","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"664","article-title":"Prevalence of white-spot lesions before and during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"35","author":"Lucchese","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lucchese\n A,\n \n \n Gherlone\n E.\n \n \n Prevalence of white-spot lesions before and during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t35:\n\t\t\t\t\t664\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t668."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b21","series-title":"Open Dent J","first-page":"614","article-title":"Orthodontic fixed appliance and periodontal status: an updated systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Cerroni","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cerroni\n S,\n \n \n Pasquantonio\n G,\n \n \n Cond\u00f2\n R,\n \n \n Cerroni\n L.\n \n \n Orthodontic fixed appliance and periodontal status: an updated systematic review.\n\t\t\t\t\tOpen Dent J.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t12:\n\t\t\t\t\t614\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t622."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b22","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"146","article-title":"et al, Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy","volume":"83","author":"Karkhanechi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karkhanechi\n M,\n \n \n Chow\n D,\n \n \n Sipkin\n J,\n \n \n et al, Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2013;\n\t\t\t\t\t83:\n\t\t\t\t\t146\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t151."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b23","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"240","article-title":"Periodontal health in teenagers treated with removable aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances","volume":"76","author":"Abbate","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abbate\n GM,\n \n \n Caria\n MP,\n \n \n Montanari\n P,\n \n et al.\n\t\t\t\t\t\n Periodontal health in teenagers treated with removable aligners and fixed orthodontic appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t76:\n\t\t\t\t\t240\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t250."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b01","series-title":"Oral Health Dent Manag","first-page":"285","article-title":"Minimal intervention dentistry in general practice","volume":"13","author":"Brostek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brostek\n A,\n \n \n Walsh\n L.\n \n \n Minimal intervention dentistry in general practice.\n\t\t\t\t\tOral Health Dent Manag.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t13:\n\t\t\t\t\t285\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t294."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b02","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"260","article-title":"A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: a first clinical and stereomicroscopic study","volume":"86","author":"Foersch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Foersch\n M,\n \n \n Schuster\n C,\n \n \n Rahimi\n RK,\n \n \n Wehrbein\n H,\n \n \n Jacobs\n C.\n \n \n A new flash-free orthodontic adhesive system: a first clinical and stereomicroscopic study.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2015;\n\t\t\t\t\t86:\n\t\t\t\t\t260\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t264."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b03","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"621","article-title":"Comparative assessment of bonding time and 1-year bracket survival using flash-free and conventional adhesives for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"154","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid\n T,\n \n \n Larson\n BE.\n \n \n Comparative assessment of bonding time and 1-year bracket survival using flash-free and conventional adhesives for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t154:\n\t\t\t\t\t621\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t628."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b04","series-title":"Angle Orthod","first-page":"299","article-title":"A comparative assessment of bracket survival and adhesive removal time using flash-free or conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"89","author":"Gr\u00fcnheid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gr\u00fcnheid\n T,\n \n \n Larson\n BE.\n \n \n A comparative assessment of bracket survival and adhesive removal time using flash-free or conventional adhesive for orthodontic bracket bonding: a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial.\n\t\t\t\t\tAngle Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t2019;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t299\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t305."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b05","series-title":"Orthod Fr","first-page":"191","article-title":"Comparison of adhesive seal morphology between APC\u2122 Plus and APC\u2122 Flash-Free adhesive coated brackets","volume":"89","author":"Jung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jung\n A,\n \n \n Egloff\n B,\n \n \n Schweitzer\n T.\n \n \n Comparison of adhesive seal morphology between APC\u2122 Plus and APC\u2122 Flash-Free adhesive coated brackets.\n\t\t\t\t\tOrthod Fr.\n\t\t\t\t\t2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t89:\n\t\t\t\t\t191\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t197."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b06","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"68","article-title":"Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development","volume":"94","author":"Ogaard","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ogaard\n B,\n \n \n R\u00f8lla\n G,\n \n \n Arends\n J.\n \n \n Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1988;\n\t\t\t\t\t94:\n\t\t\t\t\t68\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t73."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b07","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"423","article-title":"Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment","volume":"96","author":"Ogaard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ogaard\n B.\n \n \n Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year-olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t1989;\n\t\t\t\t\t96:\n\t\t\t\t\t423\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t427."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b08","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"93","article-title":"Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding","volume":"81","author":"Gorelick","year":"1982","unstructured":"Gorelick\n L,\n \n \n Geiger\n AM,\n \n \n Gwinnett\n AJ.\n \n \n Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982;\n\t\t\t\t\t81:\n\t\t\t\t\t93\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t98."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b09","series-title":"Am J Orthod","first-page":"62","article-title":"Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment","volume":"82","author":"Mizrahi","year":"1982","unstructured":"Mizrahi\n E.\n \n \n Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1982;\n\t\t\t\t\t82:\n\t\t\t\t\t62\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t67."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b10","series-title":"Eur J Orthod","first-page":"229","article-title":"Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances","volume":"8","author":"Artun","year":"1986","unstructured":"Artun\n J,\n \n \n Brobakken\n BO.\n \n \n Prevalence of carious white spots after orthodontic treatment with multibonded appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tEur J Orthod.\n\t\t\t\t\t1986;\n\t\t\t\t\t8:\n\t\t\t\t\t229\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t234."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b11","series-title":"J Orofac Orthop","first-page":"353","article-title":"Enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment\u2014incidence and correlation to various oral-hygiene parameters","volume":"68","author":"Lovrov","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lovrov\n S,\n \n \n Hertrich\n K,\n \n \n Hirschfelder\n U.\n \n \n Enamel demineralization during fixed orthodontic treatment\u2014incidence and correlation to various oral-hygiene parameters.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Orofac Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2007;\n\t\t\t\t\t68:\n\t\t\t\t\t353\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t363."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b12","series-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop","first-page":"188","article-title":"Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances","volume":"138","author":"Chapman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chapman\n JA,\n \n \n Roberts\n WE,\n \n \n Eckert\n GJ,\n \n \n Kula\n KS,\n \n \n Gonz\u00e1lez-Cabezas\n C.\n \n \n Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.\n\t\t\t\t\t2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t138:\n\t\t\t\t\t188\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t194."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b13","series-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res","first-page":"e4","article-title":"Factors affecting the formation, severity and location of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances","volume":"5","author":"Khalaf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khalaf\n K.\n \n \n Factors affecting the formation, severity and location of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Oral Maxillofac Res.\n\t\t\t\t\t2014;\n\t\t\t\t\t5:\n\t\t\t\t\te4."},{"key":"i0003-3219-90-3-339-b14","series-title":"Acta Odontol Scand","first-page":"121","article-title":"Periodontal disease in pregnancy II. 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