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This activation status does not correlate, however, with a particularly young age at onset. In contrast, NK cells in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes had a markedly lower expression of p30\/p46 NK-activating receptor molecules compared with those of control subjects. A slightly decreased expression of NKG2D in all type 1 diabetic patients relative to control subjects was observed, independent of the duration of disease, parallel to prior observations in the NOD mouse. Finally, type 1 diabetic patients had an increased frequency of KIR gene haplotypes that include the activating KIR2DS3 gene, with a genetic interaction between the KIR and HLA complexes. The reduced activation of NK cells in individuals with long-standing type 1 diabetes would seem to be a consequence rather than a cause, but other peculiarities may relate to type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-0493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,27]],"date-time":"2006-12-27T18:46:11Z","timestamp":1167245171000},"page":"177-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Altered Natural Killer Cells in Type 1 Diabetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Melanie","family":"Rodacki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Svoren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Butty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Besse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori","family":"Laffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Children\u2019s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Benoist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Mathis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031207444065100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelly MA, Rayner ML, Mijovic CH, Barnett AH: Molecular aspects of type 1 diabetes. 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