{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:08:05Z","timestamp":1787620085193,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014 Offspring of mothers with diabetes are at risk of obesity and glucose intolerance in later life. In adults, markers of subclinical inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin [IL]-6) and endothelial activation (intracellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1) are associated with obesity and higher risk for incident type 2 diabetes. We examined whether these biomarkers were elevated at birth in offspring of type 1 diabetic mothers (OT1DM).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014 Umbilical cord plasma CRP, IL-6, and ICAM-1 were measured in 139 OT1DM and 48 control offspring, with analysis relative to fetal lipids and hormonal axes.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014 OT1DM had higher median (interquartile range) CRP (OT1DM 0.17 mg\/l [0.13\u20130.22] vs. control subjects 0.14 mg\/l [0.12\u20130.17], P &amp;lt; 0.001) and ICAM-1 (OT1DM 180 ng\/ml [151\u2013202] vs. control subjects 166 ng\/ml [145\u2013187], P = 0.047). IL-6 was not different after necessary adjustment for mode of delivery. Birth weight was unrelated to inflammatory indexes; however, leptin was correlated with CRP (control subjects r = 0.33, P = 0.02; OT1DM r = 0.41, P &amp;lt; 0.001) and with IL-6 (r = 0.23, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and ICAM-1 (r = 0.29, P &amp;lt; 0.001) in OT1DM. In OT1DM, CRP correlated with maternal glycemic control (A1C at 35\u201340 weeks; r = 0.28, P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, leptin was a determinant of CRP (P &amp;lt; 0.001), ICAM-1 (P = 0.003), and IL-6 (P = 0.02) in OT1DM. Inflammatory measures demonstrated positive relationships with triglycerides in OT1DM (CRP, IL-6, and ICAM-1 P &amp;lt; 0.05) and control subjects (ICAM-1 P = 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014 Inflammatory markers are increased in OT1DM and are related to measures of fetal adiposity, particularly leptin, and maternal glycemia. Subclinical inflammation is a novel component of the diabetic intrauterine environment and should be considered a potential etiological mechanism for in utero programming of disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,18]],"date-time":"2007-08-18T01:10:30Z","timestamp":1187399430000},"page":"2697-2704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Inflammation and Endothelial Activation Is Evident at Birth in Offspring of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Reproductive and Maternal Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Reproductive and Maternal Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"},{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilys J.","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Developmental Medicine, Reproductive and Maternal Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, St. John's Hospital, Livingston, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031208333529300_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Bennett PH, Roumain J, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ: Increasing prevalence of Type II diabetes in American Indian children. 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