{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T15:59:26Z","timestamp":1777478366871,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014 Vitamin D deficiency increases risk for type 1 diabetes in genetically predisposed individuals, while high doses of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] prevent insulitis and diabetes in NOD mice.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014 Since 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates gene transcription through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), we investigated the role of VDR in diabetes development by creating NOD mice without functional VDR.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014 VDR\u2212\/\u2212 NOD mice are rachitic and have lower numbers of putative regulator cells [TCR-\u03b1\/\u03b2+CD4\u2212CD8\u2212 (natural killer T-cells) and CD4+CD25+ T-cells [in central and peripheral immune organs compared with VDR+\/+ NOD littermates. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated VDR\u2212\/\u2212 NOD macrophages expressed lower interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and CC chemokine ligand 2 mRNA, correlating with less nuclear translocation of p65 nuclear factor-\u03baB compared with VDR+\/+ NOD macrophages. Thymic and lymph node dendritic cells from VDR\u2212\/\u2212 NOD mice displayed an even less mature CD11c+CD86+ phenotype than VDR+\/+ NOD mice. Despite this immune phenotype linked to diabetes in NOD mice, VDR\u2212\/\u2212 NOD mice developed insulitis and diabetes at the same rate and incidence as VDR+\/+ NOD littermates.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014 Despite aggravating known immune abnormalities in NOD mice, disruption of VDR does not alter disease presentation in NOD mice in contrast to the more aggressive diabetes presentation in vitamin D\u2013deficient NOD mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,24]],"date-time":"2007-10-24T23:32:44Z","timestamp":1193268764000},"page":"269-275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Unaltered Diabetes Presentation in NOD Mice Lacking the Vitamin D Receptor"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Conny","family":"Gysemans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyne","family":"van Etten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutgart","family":"Overbergh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annapaula","family":"Giulietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Eelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Waer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Transplantation, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Verstuyf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Bouillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031303284304700_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beran D, Yudkin JS: Diabetes care in sub-Saharan Africa. 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