{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:14:21Z","timestamp":1791850461860,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4296,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is associated with monocyte-macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. Previously, we showed that glucose-stimulated production by adipocytes of serum amyloid A (SAA), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and hyaluronan (HA) facilitated monocyte accumulation. The current objective was to determine how the other major nutrient, free fatty acids (FFAs), affects these molecules and monocyte recruitment by adipocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differentiated 3T3-L1, Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts were exposed to various FFAs (250 \u03bcmol\/l) in either 5 or 25 mmol\/l (high) glucose for evaluation of SAA, MCP-1, and HA regulation in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as laurate, myristate, and palmitate increased cellular triglyceride accumulation, SAA, and MCP-1 expression; generated reactive oxygen species (ROS); and increased nuclear factor (NF) \u03baB translocation in both 5 and 25 mmol\/l glucose. Conversely, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonate, eicosapentaenate, and docosahexaenate (DHA) decreased these events. Gene expression could be dissociated from triglyceride accumulation. Although excess glucose increased HA content, SFAs, oleate, and linoleate did not. Antioxidant treatment repressed glucose- and palmitate-stimulated ROS generation and NF\u03baB translocation and decreased SAA and MCP-1 expression and monocyte chemotaxis. Silencing toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) markedly reduced SAA and MCP-1 expression in response to palmitate but not glucose. DHA suppressed NF\u03baB translocation stimulated by both excess glucose and palmitate via a peroxisome prolifterator\u2013activated receptor (PPAR) \u03b3\u2013dependent pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excess glucose and SFAs regulate chemotactic factor expression by a mechanism that involves ROS generation, NF\u03baB, and PPAR\u03b3, and which is repressed by PUFAs. Certain SFAs, but not excess glucose, trigger chemotactic factor expression via a TLR4-dependent pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]],"date-time":"2009-11-23T23:39:24Z","timestamp":1259019564000},"page":"386-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["Differential Effect of Saturated and Unsaturated Free Fatty Acids on the Generation of Monocyte Adhesion and Chemotactic Factors by Adipocytes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Chang Yeop","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atil Y.","family":"Kargi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Omer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wabitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin D.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Wight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Chait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"},{"name":"Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031216204932000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20514","article-title":"Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Wellen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031216204932000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance","volume":"112","author":"Xu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031216204932000_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","article-title":"Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue","volume":"112","author":"Weisberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2022031216204932000_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.74","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor, and leptin expression","volume":"11","author":"Bullo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2022031216204932000_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802718","article-title":"Systemic low-grade inflammation is related to both circulating and adipose tissue TNFalpha, leptin and IL-6 levels in obese women","volume":"28","author":"Maachi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2022031216204932000_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.01004.x","article-title":"Is obesity an inflammatory illness? 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