{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T01:00:48Z","timestamp":1779930048711,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4286,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of the study was to prospectively assess the association between lactation duration and incidence of the metabolic syndrome among women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were 1,399 women (39% black, aged 18\u201330 years) in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, an ongoing multicenter, population-based, prospective observational cohort study conducted in the U.S. Women were nulliparous and free of the metabolic syndrome at baseline (1985\u20131986) and before subsequent pregnancies, and reexamined 7, 10, 15, and\/or 20 years after baseline. Incident metabolic syndrome case participants were identified according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Complementary log-log models estimated relative hazards of incident metabolic syndrome among time-dependent lactation duration categories by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) adjusted for age, race, study center, baseline covariates (BMI, metabolic syndrome components, education, smoking, physical activity), and time-dependent parity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Among 704 parous women (620 non-GDM, 84 GDM), there were 120 incident metabolic syndrome case participants in 9,993 person-years (overall incidence rate 12.0 per 1,000 person-years; 10.8 for non-GDM, 22.1 for GDM). Increased lactation duration was associated with lower crude metabolic syndrome incidence rates from 0\u20131 month through &amp;gt;9 months (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Fully adjusted relative hazards showed that risk reductions associated with longer lactation were stronger among GDM (relative hazard range 0.14\u20130.56; P = 0.03) than non-GDM groups (relative hazard range 0.44\u20130.61; P = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Longer duration of lactation was associated with lower incidence of the metabolic syndrome years after weaning among women with a history of GDM and without GDM, controlling for preconception measurements, BMI, and sociodemographic and lifestyle traits. Lactation may have persistent favorable effects on women's cardiometabolic health.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]],"date-time":"2009-12-04T03:53:58Z","timestamp":1259898838000},"page":"495-504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":220,"title":["Duration of Lactation and Incidence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women of Reproductive Age According to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Status: A 20-Year Prospective Study in CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults)"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Erica P.","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Epidemiology, and Prevention Section, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicky","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Epidemiology, and Prevention Section, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora E.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and the Diabetes Research and Training Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanran","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Epidemiology, and Prevention Section, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Charles P.","family":"Quesenberry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Epidemiology, and Prevention Section, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sidney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Epidemiology, and Prevention Section, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031216383290100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1024","article-title":"A 20-year prospective study of childbearing and incidence of diabetes mellitus in young women controlling for glycemia before conception: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) 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