{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:50:55Z","timestamp":1791255055537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3751,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autophagy is a critical cellular system for removal of aggregated proteins and damaged organelles. Although dysregulated autophagy is implicated in the development of heart failure, the role of autophagy in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been studied. We investigated whether chronic activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by metformin restores cardiac function and cardiomyocyte autophagy in OVE26 diabetic mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>OVE26 mice and cardiac-specific AMPK dominant negative transgenic (DN)-AMPK diabetic mice were treated with metformin or vehicle for 4 months, and cardiac autophagy, cardiac functions, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis were monitored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared with control mice, diabetic OVE26 mice exhibited a significant reduction of AMPK activity in parallel with reduced cardiomyocyte autophagy and cardiac dysfunction in vivo and in isolated hearts. Furthermore, diabetic OVE26 mouse hearts exhibited aggregation of chaotically distributed mitochondria between poorly organized myofibrils and increased polyubiquitinated protein and apoptosis. Inhibition of AMPK by overexpression of a cardiac-specific DN-AMPK gene reduced cardiomyocyte autophagy, exacerbated cardiac dysfunctions, and increased mortality in diabetic mice. Finally, chronic metformin therapy significantly enhanced autophagic activity and preserved cardiac functions in diabetic OVE26 mice but not in DN-AMPK diabetic mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Decreased AMPK activity and subsequent reduction in cardiac autophagy are important events in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Chronic AMPK activation by metformin prevents cardiomyopathy by upregulating autophagy activity in diabetic OVE26 mice. Thus, stimulation of AMPK may represent a novel approach to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,12]],"date-time":"2011-05-12T01:13:21Z","timestamp":1305162801000},"page":"1770-1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":442,"title":["Improvement of Cardiac Functions by Chronic Metformin Treatment Is Associated With Enhanced Cardiac Autophagy in Diabetic OVE26 Mice"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Zhonglin","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Nephrology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma 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