{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:42:46Z","timestamp":1792122166432,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3636,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tissue inflammation is a key factor underlying insulin resistance in established obesity. Several models of immuno-compromised mice are protected from obesity-induced insulin resistance. However, it is unanswered whether inflammation triggers systemic insulin resistance or vice versa in obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess these questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to wild-type mice and three different immuno-compromised mouse models (lymphocyte-deficient Rag1 knockout, macrophage-depleted, and hematopoietic cell-specific Jun NH2-terminal kinase\u2013deficient mice) and measured the time course of changes in macrophage content, inflammatory markers, and lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle along with systemic insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In wild-type mice, body weight and adipose tissue mass, as well as insulin resistance, were clearly increased by 3 days of HFD. Concurrently, in the short-term HFD period inflammation was selectively elevated in adipose tissue. Interestingly, however, all three immuno-compromised mouse models were not protected from insulin resistance induced by the short-term HFD. On the other hand, lipid content was markedly increased in liver and skeletal muscle at day 3 of HFD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data suggest that the initial stage of HFD-induced insulin resistance is independent of inflammation, whereas the more chronic state of insulin resistance in established obesity is largely mediated by macrophage-induced proinflammatory actions. The early-onset insulin resistance during HFD feeding is more likely related to acute tissue lipid overload.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,13]],"date-time":"2011-09-13T02:46:45Z","timestamp":1315882005000},"page":"2474-2483","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":515,"title":["Inflammation Is Necessary for Long-Term but Not Short-Term High-Fat Diet\u2013Induced Insulin Resistance"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yun Sok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In Jae","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong In","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mira","family":"Ham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea"},{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 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