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Many studies in the implication of environmental factors on the etiology of type 1 diabetes have suggested a link between enteroviral infections and the development of this disease. This study of the pancreatropic enterovirus Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) shows that although infection accelerated type 1 diabetes development in a subset of proinsulin 2\u2013deficient NOD mice, the activation of iNKT cells by a specific agonist, \u03b1-galactosylceramide, at the time of infection inhibited the disease. Diabetes development was associated with the infiltration of pancreatic islets by inflammatory macrophages, producing high levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 and activation of anti-islet T cells. On the contrary, macrophages infiltrating the islets after CVB4 infection and iNKT-cell stimulation expressed a number of suppressive enzymes, among which indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was sufficient to inhibit anti-islet T-cell response and to prevent diabetes. This study highlights the critical interaction between virus and the immune system in the acceleration or prevention of type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,27]],"date-time":"2013-07-27T07:28:59Z","timestamp":1374910139000},"page":"3785-3796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Protection Against Type 1 Diabetes Upon Coxsackievirus B4 Infection and iNKT-Cell Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Liana","family":"Ghazarian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1016, Hospital Cochin\/St. Vincent de Paul, Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris Descartes and Laboratoire d\u2019Excellence INFLAMEX, Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, Paris, 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