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To understand the mechanisms by which meta-inflammation resolves during WL, we examined adipose tissue leukocytes in mice after withdrawal of a high-fat diet. After 8 weeks of WL, mice achieved similar weights and glucose tolerance values as age-matched lean controls but showed abnormal insulin tolerance. Despite fat mass normalization, total and CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) content remained elevated in WL mice for up to 6 months and was associated with persistent fibrosis in adipose tissue. ATMs in formerly obese mice demonstrated a proinflammatory profile, including elevated expression of interferon-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, and interleukin-1\u03b2. T-cell\u2013deficient Rag1\u2212\/\u2212 mice showed a degree of ATM persistence similar to that in WT mice, but with reduced inflammatory gene expression. ATM proliferation was identified as the predominant mechanism by which ATMs are retained in adipose tissue with WL. Our study suggests that WL does not completely resolve obesity-induced ATM activation, which may contribute to the persistent adipose tissue damage and reduced insulin sensitivity observed in formerly obese mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,9]],"date-time":"2016-11-09T07:14:27Z","timestamp":1478675667000},"page":"392-406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Macrophage Proliferation Sustains Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Formerly Obese Mice"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-4230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian F.","family":"Zamarron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taleen 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