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Interestingly, daily treatment with DS significantly reduces diabetes incidence in prediabetic NOD mice and, most importantly, reverses diabetes in early-onset diabetic NOD mice. DS decreases \u03b2-cell death, enhances islet heparan sulfate (HS)\/HS proteoglycan expression, and preserves \u03b2-cell mass and plasma insulin in these mice. DS administration also increases the expression of the inhibitory costimulatory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) in T cells, reduces interferon-\u03b3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and enhances the number of FoxP3+ cells. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the action of one single molecule, DS, on \u03b2-cell protection, extracellular matrix preservation, and immunomodulation can reverse diabetes in NOD mice, highlighting its therapeutic potential for the treatment of T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T20:15:19Z","timestamp":1588882519000},"page":"1692-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Dextran Sulfate Protects Pancreatic \u03b2-Cells, Reduces Autoimmunity, and Ameliorates Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Geming","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, 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