{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:05:05Z","timestamp":1790517905969,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Enteroviruses, including the Coxsackievirus Bs (CVB), have been implicated as causal agents in human type 1 diabetes. Immunization of at-risk individuals with a CVB vaccine provides an attractive strategy for elucidating the role of CVBs in the disease etiology. Previously, we have shown that an inactivated whole-virus vaccine covering all CVB serotypes (CVB1\u20136) is safe to administer and highly immunogenic in preclinical models, including nonhuman primates. Before initiating clinical trials with this type of vaccine, it was also important to address 1) whether the vaccine itself induces adverse immune reactions, including accelerating diabetes onset in a diabetes-prone host, and 2) whether the vaccine can prevent CVB-induced diabetes in a well-established disease model. Here, we present results from studies in which female NOD mice were left untreated, mock-vaccinated, or vaccinated with CVB1\u20136 vaccine and monitored for insulitis occurrence or diabetes development. We demonstrate that vaccination induces virus-neutralizing antibodies without altering insulitis scores or the onset of diabetes. We also show that NOD mice vaccinated with a CVB1 vaccine are protected from CVB-induced accelerated disease onset. Taken together, these studies show that CVB vaccines do not alter islet inflammation or accelerate disease progression in an animal model that spontaneously develops autoimmune type 1 diabetes. However, they can prevent CVB-mediated disease progression in the same model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T16:10:14Z","timestamp":1631117414000},"page":"2871-2878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Coxsackievirus B Vaccines Prevent Infection-Accelerated Diabetes in NOD Mice and Have No Disease-Inducing Effect"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Virginia M.","family":"Stone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Butrym","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minna M.","family":"Hankaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5538-5153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir-Babak","family":"Sioofy-Khojine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesa P.","family":"Hyt\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-4145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heikki","family":"Hy\u00f6ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-2052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malin","family":"Flodstr\u00f6m-Tullberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022031310171127300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"DiMeglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2022031310171127300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2018.07.006","article-title":"Enteroviral infections in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes: new insights for therapeutic intervention","volume":"43","author":"Richardson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2022031310171127300_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0667-0","article-title":"Prospective virome analyses in young children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Vehik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat 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