{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T02:57:15Z","timestamp":1783047435050,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Human insulin (INS) gene diverged from the ancestral genes of invertebrate and mammalian species millions of years ago. We previously found that mouse insulin gene (Ins2) isoforms are expressed in brain choroid plexus (ChP) epithelium cells, where insulin secretion is regulated by serotonin and not by glucose. We further compared human INS isoform expression in postmortem ChP and islets of Langerhans. We uncovered novel INS upstream open reading frame isoforms and their protein products. In addition, we found a novel alternatively spliced isoform that translates to a 74\u2013amino acid (AA) proinsulin containing a shorter 19-AA C-peptide sequence, herein designated C\u03b1-peptide. The middle portion of the conventional C-peptide contains \u03b2-sheet (GQVEL) and hairpin (GGGPG) motifs that are not present in C\u03b1-peptide. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is not expressed in ChP, and its amyloid formation was inhibited in vitro more efficiently by C\u03b1-peptide than by C-peptide. Of clinical relevance, the ratio of the 74-AA proinsulin to proconvertase-processed C\u03b1-peptide was significantly increased in islets from type 2 diabetes mellitus autopsy donors. Intriguingly, 100 years after the discovery of insulin, we found that INS isoforms are present in ChP from insulin-deficient autopsy donors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,14]],"date-time":"2021-10-14T12:32:05Z","timestamp":1634214725000},"page":"2947-2956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Novel Human Insulin Isoforms and C\u03b1-Peptide Product in Islets of Langerhans and Choroid Plexus"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8477-6452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qing-Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, 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