{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:39:04Z","timestamp":1792172344126,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have shown that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may induce metabolic distress, leading to hyperglycemia in patients affected by coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). We investigated the potential indirect and direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on human pancreatic islets in 10 patients who became hyperglycemic after COVID-19. Although there was no evidence of peripheral anti-islet autoimmunity, the serum of these patients displayed toxicity on human pancreatic islets, which could be abrogated by the use of anti\u2013interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), anti\u2013IL-6, and anti\u2013tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, cytokines known to be highly upregulated during COVID-19. Interestingly, the receptors of those aforementioned cytokines were highly expressed on human pancreatic islets. An increase in peripheral unmethylated INS DNA, a marker of cell death, was evident in several patients with COVID-19. Pathology of the pancreas from deceased hyperglycemic patients who had COVID-19 revealed mild lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets and pancreatic lymph nodes. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific viral RNA, along with the presence of several immature insulin granules or proinsulin, was detected in postmortem pancreatic tissues, suggestive of \u03b2-cell\u2013altered proinsulin processing, as well as \u03b2-cell degeneration and hyperstimulation. These data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 may negatively affect human pancreatic islet function and survival by creating inflammatory conditions, possibly with a direct tropism, which may in turn lead to metabolic abnormalities observed in patients with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T13:44:09Z","timestamp":1651499049000},"page":"1579-1590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Indirect and Direct Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on Human Pancreatic Islets"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Moufida","family":"Ben Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1International Center for Type 1 Diabetes, Pediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche (DIBIC), Universit\u00e0 di Milano, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"2Nephrology Division, 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