{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:30:49Z","timestamp":1790735449392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000883","name":"University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000883","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"JDRF","award":["18\/0005778"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/0005778"]}]},{"name":"JDRF","award":["2-SRA-2020-964-S-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-SRA-2020-964-S-B"]}]},{"name":"JDRF","award":["3-APF-2018-591-A-N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-APF-2018-591-A-N"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/0004472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/0004472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/0006452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/0006452"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Autoantibodies to glutamate decarboxylase (GADA) are widely used in the prediction and classification of type 1 diabetes. GADA radiobinding assays (RBAs) using N-terminally truncated antigens offer improved specificity, but radioisotopes limit the high-throughput potential for population screening. Luciferase-based immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assays are sensitive and specific alternatives to RBAs with the potential to improve risk stratification. The performance of assays using the Nanoluc luciferase (Nluc)-conjugated GAD65 constructs, Nluc-GAD65(96\u2013585) and full length Nluc-GAD65(1\u2013585), were evaluated in 434 well-characterized serum samples from patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes and first-degree relatives. Nonradioactive, high-throughput LIPS assays are quicker and require less serum than RBAs. Of 171 relatives previously tested single autoantibody positive for autoantibodies to full-length GAD65 by RBA but had not progressed to diabetes, fewer retested positive by LIPS using either truncated (n = 72) or full-length (n = 111) antigen. The Nluc-GAD65(96\u2013585) truncation demonstrated the highest specificity in LIPS assays overall, but in contrast to RBA, N-terminus truncations did not result in a significant increase in disease-specificity compared with the full-length antigen. This suggests that binding of nonspecific antibodies is affected by the conformational changes resulting from addition of the Nluc antigen. Nluc-GAD65(96\u2013585) LIPS assays offer low-blood-volume, high-specificity GADA tests for screening and diagnostics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db23-0550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T15:18:03Z","timestamp":1705504683000},"page":"565-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Improved Specificity of Glutamate Decarboxylase 65 Autoantibody Measurement Using Luciferase-Based Immunoprecipitation System Assays"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Rebecca C.","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Diabetes and Metabolism Unit, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, 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