{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:29:34Z","timestamp":1791422974128,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title\/>\n                  <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from \u03b2-cell destruction due to autoimmunity. It has been proposed that \u03b2-cell loss is relatively quiescent in the early years after seroconversion to islet antibody positivity (stage 1), with accelerated \u03b2-cell loss only developing around 6\u201318 months prior to clinical diagnosis. This construct implies that immunointervention in this early stage will be of little benefit, since there is little disease activity to modulate. Here, we argue that the apparent lack of progression in early-stage disease may be an artifact of the modality of assessment used. When substantial \u03b2-cell function remains, the standard assessment, the oral glucose tolerance test, represents a submaximal stimulus and underestimates the residual function. In contrast, around the time of diagnosis, glucotoxicity exerts a deleterious effect on insulin secretion, giving the impression of disease acceleration. Once glucotoxicity is relieved by insulin therapy, \u03b2-cell function partially recovers (the honeymoon effect). However, evidence from recent trials suggests that glucose control has little effect on the underlying disease process. We therefore hypothesize that the autoimmune destruction of \u03b2-cells actually progresses at a more or less constant rate through all phases of T1D and that early-stage immunointervention will be both beneficial and desirable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T16:46:42Z","timestamp":1722962802000},"page":"1769-1779","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Revisiting the Pattern of Loss of \u03b2-Cell Function in Preclinical Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3091-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariangela","family":"Martino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."},{"name":"2PhD Program in Immunology, Molecular Medicine, and Applied Biotechnologies, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata,\u201d Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Galderisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmella","family":"Evans-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN"},{"name":"5Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN"},{"name":"6Department of Pediatrics and the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN"},{"name":"7Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-3462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Diabetes Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024102118512428400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e120877","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.120877","article-title":"\u03b2-Cell dysfunction exists more than 5 years before type 1 diabetes diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Evans-Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2288","article-title":"C-peptide levels in subjects followed longitudinally before and after type 1 diabetes diagnosis in TrialNet","volume":"43","author":"Bogun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-543X.2006.00155.x","article-title":"\u201cThe honeymoon phase\u201d in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: frequency, duration, and influential factors","volume":"7","author":"Abdul-Rasoul","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15071","article-title":"What does the licensing of teplizumab mean for diabetes care?","volume":"25","author":"Quinn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","article-title":"Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association","volume":"38","author":"Insel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12485","article-title":"Residual beta-cell function in diabetes children followed and diagnosed in the TEDDY study compared to community controls","volume":"18","author":"Steck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00123-7","article-title":"Residual insulin secretion in individuals with type 1 diabetes in Finland: longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses","volume":"11","author":"Harsunen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0360","article-title":"Fall in C-peptide during first 4 years from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: variable relation to age, HbA1c, and insulin dose","volume":"39","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4030","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1074","article-title":"Effectiveness of early intensive therapy on \u03b2-cell preservation in type 1 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Buckingham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2203496","article-title":"Closed-loop therapy and preservation of C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes","volume":"387","author":"Boughton","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2063","article-title":"Effect of tight glycemic control on pancreatic beta cell function in newly diagnosed pediatric type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"McVean","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1770","article-title":"Trends of earlier and later responses of C-peptide to oral glucose challenges with progression to type 1 diabetes in Diabetes Prevention Trial\u2013Type 1 participants","volume":"33","author":"Sosenko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0167","article-title":"The transition from a compensatory increase to a decrease in C-peptide during the progression to type 1 diabetes and its relation to risk","volume":"45","author":"Ismail","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0981-8","article-title":"First-phase insulin response in young healthy children at genetic and immunological risk for type I diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Keskinen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0674","article-title":"Reduced \u03b2-cell function in early preclinical type 1 diabetes","volume":"174","author":"Koskinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4179","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0656","article-title":"Acceleration of the loss of the first-phase insulin response during the progression to type 1 diabetes in diabetes prevention trial-type 1 participants","volume":"62","author":"Sosenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06011-5","article-title":"Quantifying beta cell function in the preclinical stages of type 1 diabetes","volume":"66","author":"Galderisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0931","article-title":"Standardized mixed-meal tolerance and arginine stimulation tests provide reproducible and complementary measures of \u03b2-cell function: results from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Investigative Series","volume":"39","author":"Shankar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0226","article-title":"Time to peak glucose and peak C-peptide during the progression to type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial and TrialNet cohorts","volume":"44","author":"Voss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S301","article-title":"Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Fonseca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3273","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac285","article-title":"Oral glucose tolerance test measures of first-phase insulin response and their predictive ability for type 1 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Baidal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4094","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa592","article-title":"One-hour oral glucose tolerance tests for the prediction and diagnostic surveillance of type 1 diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Simmons","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00421.2006","article-title":"Assessment of beta-cell function in humans, simultaneously with insulin sensitivity and hepatic extraction, from intravenous and oral glucose tests","volume":"293","author":"Cobelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1478","article-title":"Oral disposition index predicts the development of future diabetes above and beyond fasting and 2-h glucose levels [published correction appears in Diabetes Care 2009;32:1355]","volume":"32","author":"Utzschneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1198","article-title":"The oral minimal model method","volume":"63","author":"Cobelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0165","article-title":"Disposition index, glucose effectiveness, and conversion to type 2 diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)","volume":"33","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-0428","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage of plasma adiponectin reveals a major locus on chromosome 3q distinct from the adiponectin structural gene: the IRAS family study","volume":"55","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-013-0407-7","article-title":"Is autoimmunity or insulin resistance the primary driver of type 1 diabetes?","volume":"13","author":"Wilkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1378","article-title":"Progression to diabetes in relatives of type 1 diabetic patients: mechanisms and mode of onset","volume":"59","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab344","article-title":"Early impairment of insulin sensitivity, \u03b2-cell responsiveness, and insulin clearance in youth with stage 1 type 1 diabetes","volume":"106","author":"Galderisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80438-X","article-title":"Increased insulin secretion in puberty: a compensatory response to reductions in insulin sensitivity","volume":"114","author":"Caprio","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac740","article-title":"\u03b2-Cell function and insulin sensitivity in youth with early type 1 diabetes from a 2-hour 7-sample OGTT","volume":"108","author":"Galderisi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1297","article-title":"CGM metrics identify dysglycemic states in participants from the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study","volume":"46","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05927-2","article-title":"The countdown to type 1 diabetes: when, how and why does the clock start?","volume":"66","author":"Ziegler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162123","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162123","article-title":"Elevations in blood glucose before and after the appearance of islet autoantibodies in children","volume":"132","author":"Warncke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad472","article-title":"OGTT metrics surpass continuous glucose monitoring data for T1D prediction in multiple-autoantibody-positive individuals","volume":"109","author":"Ylescupidez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1850","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI134057","article-title":"High residual C-peptide likely contributes to glycemic control in type 1 diabetes","volume":"130","author":"Rickels","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4731-y","article-title":"Fifty years of pancreatic islet pathology in human type 1 diabetes: insights gained and progress made","volume":"61","author":"Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155415576543","article-title":"Heterogeneity and lobularity of pancreatic pathology in type 1 diabetes during the prediabetic phase","volume":"63","author":"Rodriguez-Calvo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230082","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0082","article-title":"Islet cells in human type 1 diabetes: from recent advances to novel therapies\u2014a symposium-based roadmap for future research","volume":"259","author":"Cantley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14860","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14860","article-title":"Evaluating T cell responses prior to the onset of type 1 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Arif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13406","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state","volume":"23","author":"Glaser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13442","article-title":"ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Cengiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12413","article-title":"Factors contributing to partial remission in type 1 diabetes: analysis based on the insulin dose-adjusted HbA1c in 3657 children and adolescents from Germany and Austria","volume":"18","author":"Nagl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1997.tb14837.x","article-title":"Age governs gender-dependent islet cell autoreactivity and predicts the clinical course in childhood IDDM","volume":"86","author":"Ortqvist","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1987","article-title":"New definition for the partial remission period in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Mortensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2001.14.9.1585","article-title":"Factors influencing remission phase in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"B\u00fcy\u00fckgebiz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00376.x","article-title":"Young children (&lt;5 yr) and adolescents (&gt;12 yr) with type 1 diabetes mellitus have low rate of partial remission: diabetic ketoacidosis is an important risk factor","volume":"9","author":"Bowden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154870","article-title":"The \u03b2-cell glucose toxicity hypothesis: attractive but difficult to prove","volume":"124","author":"Weir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)75962-6","article-title":"Substrate regulation of the glucose transport system in rat skeletal muscle. Characterization and kinetic analysis in isolated soleus muscle and skeletal muscle cells in culture","volume":"261","author":"Sasson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113157","article-title":"Effect of chronic hyperglycemia on in\u00a0vivo insulin secretion in partially pancreatectomized rats","volume":"80","author":"Rossetti","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26751","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M503158200","article-title":"ERK1\/2-dependent activation of transcription factors required for acute and chronic effects of glucose on the insulin gene promoter","volume":"280","author":"Lawrence","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12126","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307097200","article-title":"Oxidative stress is a mediator of glucose toxicity in insulin-secreting pancreatic islet cell lines","volume":"279","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1911","article-title":"Function of isolated pancreatic islets from patients at onset of type 1 diabetes: insulin secretion can be restored after some days in a nondiabetogenic environment in\u00a0vitro: results from the DiViD study","volume":"64","author":"Krogvold","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1314","article-title":"First-phase insulin secretion restoration and differential response to glucose load depending on the route of administration in type 2 diabetic subjects after bariatric surgery","volume":"32","author":"Salinari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0371","article-title":"Time course of normalization of functional \u03b2-cell capacity in the diabetes remission clinical trial after weight loss in type 2 diabetes","volume":"43","author":"Zhyzhneuskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12946","article-title":"Association of diabetic ketoacidosis and HbA1c at onset with year-three HbA1c in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: data from the International SWEET Registry","volume":"21","author":"Piccini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0129","article-title":"Hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis or severe hypoglycemia in 31,330 young patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"173","author":"Karges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-023-01438-3","article-title":"Autoantibody test for type 1 diabetes in children: are there reasons to implement a screening program in the general population? A statement endorsed by the Italian Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes (SIEDP-ISPED) and the Italian Society of Paediatrics (SIP)","volume":"49","author":"Cherubini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00354-6","article-title":"Screening type 1 diabetes and celiac disease by law","volume":"12","author":"Bosi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00837-0","article-title":"Author correction: a perspective on treating type 1 diabetes mellitus before insulin is needed","volume":"19","author":"Tatovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306691","article-title":"Baricitinib and \u03b2-cell function in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Waibel","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2024102118512428400_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.21565","article-title":"Yield of a public health screening of children for islet autoantibodies in Bavaria, Germany","volume":"323","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/73\/11\/1769\/787625\/db240163.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/73\/11\/1769\/787625\/db240163.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T18:51:45Z","timestamp":1729536705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/73\/11\/1769\/157056\/Revisiting-the-Pattern-of-Loss-of-Cell-Function-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-0163","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]}}}