{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:23:58Z","timestamp":1787315038494,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK136931"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK136931"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK121843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK121843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK124395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK124395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK061058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK061058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085476"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK085509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK085509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK103282"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103282"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK106984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK106984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK106994"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK106994"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK107013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK107013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 DK107014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK107014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC4 DK106993"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC4 DK106993"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UC4 DK117009-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UC4 DK117009-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin secretion varies widely in preclinical type 1 diabetes. To understand the pathogenesis of this metabolic heterogeneity, we asked whether genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes, quantified by a type 2 diabetes genetic risk score (T2D-GRS), modulates \u03b2-cell function and disease progression in individuals at risk of type 1 diabetes. We analyzed 4,324 islet autoantibody\u2013positive TrialNet Pathway to Prevention participants with genome-wide genotyping and oral glucose tolerance testing. Both T2D-GRS and the type 1 diabetes genetic risk score 2 (T1D-GRS2) differed significantly across five previously described groups defined by C-peptide area under the curve (AUC; a measure of insulin secretion). The highest C-peptide AUC group, compared with the lowest, had significantly higher T2D-GRS, lower T1D-GRS2, higher BMI z-score, greater insulin resistance, older age, and lower prevalence of male participants; multiple islet autoantibody positivity; and IA-2 or insulin autoantibody positivity. Progression to clinical (stage 3) type 1 diabetes was significantly associated with T1D-GRS2 across all groups and with T2D-GRS in all but the lowest C-peptide AUC group. In conclusion, type 2 diabetes genetic burden shapes metabolic heterogeneity and accelerates progression in preclinical type 1 diabetes. These results support the evaluation of type 2 diabetes\u2013related mechanisms as targets to improve the prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heterogeneity in \u03b2-cell function is a barrier to precision medicine in type 1 diabetes. We asked whether type 2 diabetes\u2013associated genes influence insulin secretion and progression to clinical type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive individuals. A type 2 diabetes genetic risk score was associated with higher C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) and increased clinical type 1 diabetes risk in all but the lowest C-peptide AUC subgroup. Addressing type 2 diabetes mechanisms could improve type 1 diabetes prediction and prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db25-0711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T15:13:17Z","timestamp":1765379597000},"page":"389-397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Risk and Type 1 Diabetes Heterogeneity and Progression"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4796-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taylor M.","family":"Triolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 1 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay M.","family":"Sosenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami 2 , Miami, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cuthbertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida 3 , Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Oram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter 4 , Exeter, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemang M.","family":"Parikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, University of South Florida 3 , Tampa, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus 1 , Aurora, CO"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily K.","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine 5 , Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Florida 6 , Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon","family":"Nathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota 7 , Minneapolis, MN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Templeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter 4 , Exeter, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suna","family":"Onengut-Gumuscu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine 8 , Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmella","family":"Evans-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine 5 , Indianapolis, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine 8 , Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida 9 , Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine 10 , Houston, TX"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital 11 , Houston, TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group*","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061712171673500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0635","article-title":"Hybrid closed-loop therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes and above-target HbA1c: a real-world observational study","volume":"46","author":"Crabtree","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15275","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15275","article-title":"Heterogeneity in glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a latent class trajectory analysis of Danish nationwide data","volume":"41","author":"Wibaek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06408-4","article-title":"The efficacy of islet autoantibody screening with or without genetic pre-screening strategies for the identification of presymptomatic type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Bonifacio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","article-title":"An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Herold","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2308743","article-title":"Teplizumab and \u03b2-cell function in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes","volume":"389","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-1103","article-title":"Low-dose ATG\/GCSF in established type 1 diabetes: a five-year follow-up report","volume":"70","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2064","article-title":"Effect of verapamil on pancreatic beta cell function in newly diagnosed pediatric type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"329","author":"Forlenza","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B8","volume-title":"Diabetes in America.","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00159-6","article-title":"Understanding diabetes heterogeneity: key steps towards precision medicine in diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Leslie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00853-0","article-title":"Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Redondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06246-w","article-title":"Identification of type 1 diabetes risk phenotypes using an outcome-guided clustering analysis","volume":"67","author":"You","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2236","article-title":"Phenotypes associated with zones defined by area under the curve glucose and C-peptide in a population with islet autoantibodies","volume":"46","author":"Sosenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.054","article-title":"Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet\u2013an international collaborative clinical trials network","volume":"1150","author":"Skyler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00464.x","article-title":"The TrialNet Natural History Study of the development of type 1 diabetes: objectives, design, and initial results","volume":"10","author":"Mahon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1046","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae349","article-title":"Genetic associations with C-peptide levels before type 1 diabetes diagnosis in at-risk relatives","volume":"110","author":"Triolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0302","article-title":"Do electrochemiluminescence assays improve prediction of time to type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive TrialNet subjects?","volume":"39","author":"Fouts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2081","article-title":"Zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies improve prediction of type 1 diabetes in relatives positive for the standard biochemical autoantibodies","volume":"35","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.101287","article-title":"Standardization of C-peptide measurements","volume":"54","author":"Little","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1785","article-title":"Development and standardization of an improved type 1 diabetes genetic risk score for use in newborn screening and incident diagnosis","volume":"42","author":"Sharp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-022-01074-2","article-title":"Development and validation of a trans-ancestry polygenic risk score for type 2 diabetes in diverse populations","volume":"14","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1111","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score can aid discrimination between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Oram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-025-01575-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes genetic risk scores: history, application and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Tosur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0930-4","article-title":"A combined risk score enhances prediction of type 1 diabetes among susceptible children","volume":"26","author":"Ferrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03205-y","article-title":"Sequencing of 53,831 diverse genomes from the NHLBI TOPMed Program","volume":"590","author":"Taliun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3656","article-title":"Next-generation genotype imputation service and methods","volume":"48","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00935-7","article-title":"A high-resolution HLA reference panel capturing global population diversity enables multi-ancestry fine-mapping in HIV host response","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2005.10.005","article-title":"Insulinogenic indices from insulin and C-peptide: comparison of beta-cell function from OGTT and IVGTT","volume":"72","author":"Tura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0944","article-title":"Index60 identifies individuals at appreciable risk for stage 3 among an autoantibody-positive population with normal 2-hour glucose levels: implications for current staging criteria of type 1 diabetes","volume":"45","author":"Nathan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05365-4","article-title":"Index60 as an additional diagnostic criterion for type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Redondo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1813","article-title":"A new approach for diagnosing type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive individuals based on prediction and natural history","volume":"38","author":"Sosenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0422","article-title":"A glucose fraction independent of insulin secretion: implications for type 1 diabetes progression in autoantibody-positive cohorts","volume":"27","author":"Sosenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol Ther"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06034-y","article-title":"HOMA-IR and the Matsuda Index as predictors of progression to type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive relatives","volume":"67","author":"Petrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06338-7","article-title":"Characteristics of autoantibody-positive individuals without high-risk HLA-DR4-DQ8 or HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotypes","volume":"68","author":"Redondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2547","article-title":"Hierarchical order of distinct autoantibody spreading and progression to type 1 diabetes in the TEDDY study","volume":"43","author":"Vehik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0087","article-title":"A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score predicts progression of islet autoimmunity and development of type 1 diabetes in individuals at risk","volume":"41","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0102","article-title":"The influence of type 2 diabetes-associated factors on type 1 diabetes","volume":"42","author":"Redondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0961","article-title":"TCF7L2 genetic variants contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Redondo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13123","article-title":"Dissecting heterogeneity in paediatric type 1 diabetes: association of TCF7L2 rs7903146 TT and low-risk human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes","volume":"34","author":"Redondo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05818-y","article-title":"Milder loss of insulin-containing islets in individuals with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes-associated TCF7L2 genetic variants","volume":"66","author":"Redondo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3924-5","article-title":"the relationship between BMI and insulin resistance and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity and type 1 diabetes among TrialNet Pathway to Prevention participants","volume":"59","author":"Meah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2389","article-title":"Role of insulin resistance in predicting progression to type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061712171673500_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0590","article-title":"Islet autoimmunity is highly prevalent and associated with diminished \u03b2-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes in the GRADE study","volume":"71","author":"Brooks-Worrell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes"}],"container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/75\/2\/389\/850706\/db250711.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/75\/2\/389\/850706\/db250711.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:17:26Z","timestamp":1781713046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/75\/2\/389\/164032\/Type-2-Diabetes-Genetic-Risk-and-Type-1-Diabetes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db25-0711","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.30593381","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.30593381.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/figshare.30593381.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]}}}