{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T14:26:49Z","timestamp":1793802409942,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007028","name":"Leona M., and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2311-06395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2311-06395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007028","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001065","name":"Australian Diabetes Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>This study characterized the dose effect of whey protein isolate (WPI) ingestion on glucagon secretion, glycemia, and the underlying mechanisms in adults with type 1 diabetes. Twelve insulin pump\u2013treated adults with type 1 diabetes (mean \u00b1 SD age 47.3 \u00b1 16.4 years; BMI 26.1 \u00b1 3.8 kg\/m2) and six adults without diabetes (age 36.2 \u00b1 20.9 years; BMI 27.3 \u00b1 5.8 kg\/m2) received 1) control (water), 2) low-dose WPI (0.25 g\/kg), and\/or 3) high-dose WPI (0.5 g\/kg). Those with diabetes replaced subcutaneous insulin with fixed-rate i.v. insulin. [6,6-2H]glucose infusion was used to measure glucose flux. In participants with type 1 diabetes, low- and high-dose WPI raised plasma glucagon by approximately fivefold and approximately ninefold, respectively. Endogenous glucose production increased by \u223c50% (peak) for both WPI doses, with the high dose producing more sustained stimulation. Plasma glucose decreased by a median (interquartile range) of \u223c1.7 (2.0, 1.0) mmol\/L for control but increased by 1.3 (1, 1.7) and 3.1 (2.5, 3.3) mmol\/L for the low and high doses, respectively. Participants with and without diabetes had similar increases in amino acids, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. This study highlights the substantial glucagon-stimulating\u00a0and glycemic effects of WPI, which could be clinically useful for hypoglycemia management in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of protein ingestion on glucagon and glycemic responses in individuals with type 1 diabetes is not well characterized. This study examined how ingestion of varying amounts of fast-absorbing whey protein (in the absence of other macronutrients) affected glucagon secretion, glucose levels, and associated metabolic hormone levels in adults with type 1 diabetes. Whey protein ingestion stimulated glucagon secretion and endogenous glucose production and increased blood glucose in adults with type 1 diabetes. Our findings highlight the potential of whey protein as a tool to support glycemic management and mitigate hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db26-0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:04:39Z","timestamp":1777046679000},"page":"1101-1112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Whey Protein Ingestion Stimulates Glucagon Secretion and Raises Blood Glucose Levels in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0341-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giang M.","family":"Dao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Deakin University 1 , Geelong, Victoria, 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2 , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0515-3343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clinton R.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University 3 , Geelong, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg M.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Deakin University 1 , Geelong, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6269-4923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dale J.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of 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