{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:05:13Z","timestamp":1790017513532,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20211251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20211251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81603169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81603169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101942"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101942"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82270849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The intraislet heparan sulfate (HS) barrier is essential for \u03b2-cell survival, yet its role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains incompletely understood. We investigated the expression pattern, pathogenic function, and therapeutic potential of the heparanase (HPSE)-HS axis in T1D by integrating single-cell RNA sequencing data sets from human and mouse islets and peripheral immune cells, together with genetic mouse models and pharmacological intervention. HPSE was selectively enriched in myeloid cells, particularly CD14++ classical monocytes from patients with T1D and NOD mice and was associated with activated proinflammatory and interferon signaling. In diabetic islets, increased HPSE expression was accompanied by marked degradation of the HS barrier. Myeloid-specific Hpse deficiency improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin secretion, and reduced infiltration of inducible nitric oxide synthase\u2013positive macrophages and T cells, whereas islet-specific Hpse overexpression accelerated autoimmune diabetes and insulitis. Mechanistically, HPSE-mediated HS cleavage generated bioactive fragments that acted as costimulatory signals, amplifying IFN-\u03b3\u2013STAT1 signaling and promoting M1 macrophage polarization. Pharmacological inhibition of HPSE with muparfostat preserved the intraislet HS barrier and improved glucose homeostasis in nonobese T1D models. Collectively, these findings identify myeloid-derived HPSE as a key driver of T1D pathogenesis through dual effects on HS barrier disruption and inflammatory amplification and establish the HPSE-HS axis as an important regulator of the islet inflammatory microenvironment and a promising adjuvant therapeutic target for T1D.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of the heparanase (HPSE)\u2013heparan sulfate (HS) axis in type 1 diabetes remains incompletely defined. We examined whether myeloid-derived HPSE drives islet inflammation, how HS fragments influence macrophage polarization, and whether pharmacological inhibition is protective. We found that myeloid HPSE disrupts the intraislet HS barrier and that the resulting HS fragments potentiate interferon-\u03b3\u2013STAT1 signaling to promote proinflammatory macrophage polarization. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of HPSE preserved islet integrity and ameliorated diabetes, identifying this pathway as a potential therapeutic target in type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/db26-0365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T16:33:23Z","timestamp":1785515603000},"page":"1906-1920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Myeloid-Specific Heparanase Aggravates Insulitis in Type 1 Diabetes via Heparan Sulfate Fragment-Dependent Amplification of Macrophage Polarization"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailing","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyue","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huangmo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Nanjing Medical University 2 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Education, Nanjing Medical University 2 , Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6467-1802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Third Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People\u2019s Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University 3 , Changzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7820-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Interventions for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University 1 , Nanjing, China"},{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University 4 , Wuxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092114520660100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31320-5","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes","volume":"391","author":"DiMeglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabc8980","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc8980","article-title":"Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals","volume":"13","author":"Sims","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-00443-4","article-title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus as a disease of the \u03b2-cell (do not blame the immune system?)","volume":"17","author":"Roep","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.017","article-title":"New frontiers in the treatment of type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Warshauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10418","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713543114","article-title":"Resident macrophages of pancreatic islets have a seminal role in the initiation of autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice","volume":"114","author":"Carrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105946","article-title":"Monocyte\/macrophage-derived interleukin-15 mediates the pro-inflammatory phenotype of CD226+ B cells in type 1 diabetes","volume":"120","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06445-z","article-title":"Effect of lipotoxic hepatocyte-derived extracellular vesicles in pancreas inflammation: essential role of macrophage TLR4 in beta cell functionality","volume":"68","author":"Al\u00e9n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0929","article-title":"Loss of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide skews macrophage phenotypes to delay type 1 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Padgett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606175","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.606175","article-title":"Phagocytosis and efferocytosis by resident macrophages in the mouse pancreas","volume":"12","author":"Parv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09560-4","article-title":"Efferocytic remodelling of pancreatic islet macrophages by limited \u03b2-cell death","volume":"647","author":"Zakharov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0552-7","article-title":"Extracellular matrix components in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Bogdani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0191360","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191360","article-title":"Loss of intra-islet heparan sulfate is a highly sensitive marker of type 1 diabetes progression in humans","volume":"13","author":"Simeonovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34521-1_32","article-title":"Heparanase, heparan sulfate and viral infection","volume":"1221","author":"Agelidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15183","article-title":"Inhibition of heparanase protects against pancreatic beta cell death in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via reducing intra-islet inflammatory cell infiltration","volume":"177","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115183","article-title":"PPAR\u03b3 activation reduces pancreatic beta cell death in type 1 diabetes by decreasing heparanase-dependent insulitis","volume":"162","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111597","article-title":"Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and their degradation in health and disease","volume":"15","author":"Greco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34521-1_3","article-title":"Heparanase: historical aspects and future perspectives","volume":"1221","author":"Khanna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2016.10.001","article-title":"Heparanase: from basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation","volume":"29","author":"Vlodavsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46177","article-title":"Heparan sulfate and heparanase play key roles in mouse \u03b2 cell survival and autoimmune diabetes","volume":"122","author":"Ziolkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0058","article-title":"NIH initiative to improve understanding of the pancreas, islet, and autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes: the Human Pancreas Analysis Program (HPAP)","volume":"68","author":"Kaestner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.021","article-title":"Targeted elimination of senescent beta cells prevents type 1 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20192362","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192362","article-title":"Single-cell RNA sequencing of murine islets shows high cellular complexity at all stages of autoimmune diabetes","volume":"217","author":"Zakharov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8894","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53264-8","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-mediated crosstalk between TIGIT+ Tregs and CD226+CD8+ T cells in the progression and remission of type 1 diabetes","volume":"15","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab404","article-title":"Interfacing Seurat with the R tidy universe","volume":"37","author":"Mangiola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2019.03.003","article-title":"DoubletFinder: doublet detection in single-cell RNA sequencing data using artificial nearest neighbors","volume":"8","author":"McGinnis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0619-0","article-title":"Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony","volume":"16","author":"Korsunsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2372-y","article-title":"Genetic lineage tracing identifies adaptive mechanisms of pancreatic islet \u03b2 cells in various mouse models of diabetes with distinct age of initiation","volume":"67","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16047","article-title":"The heparan sulfate mimetic muparfostat aggravates steatohepatitis in obese mice due to its binding affinity to lipoprotein lipase","volume":"180","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2014.183","article-title":"Pancreatic cell tracing, lineage tagging and targeted genetic manipulations in multiple cell types using pancreatic ductal infusion of adeno-associated viral vectors and\/or cell-tagging dyes","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012082","article-title":"Importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in pancreatic islets and \u03b2-cells","volume":"23","author":"Takahashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02372-z","article-title":"The integrated stress response promotes macrophage inflammation and migration in autoimmune diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7243","article-title":"Redox-sensitive innate immune pathways during macrophage activation in type 1 diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Burg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C896","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00050.2022","article-title":"Coreceptor functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans","volume":"322","author":"Hayashida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.04.001","article-title":"Glycosylation of FGF\/FGFR: an underrated sweet code regulating cellular signaling programs","volume":"77","author":"G\u0119daj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"Heparan sulfate promotes ACE2 super-cluster assembly to enhance SARS-CoV-2-associated syncytium formation","author":"Zhang","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41453-w"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.002","article-title":"Heparan sulfate organizes neuronal synapses through neurexin partnerships","volume":"174","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-1676","article-title":"Heparanase and chemotherapy synergize to drive macrophage activation and enhance tumor growth","volume":"80","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675747","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.675747","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced heparanase promotes H. pylori colonization and gastritis","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e109596","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109596","article-title":"Soluble heparan sulfate fragments generated by heparanase trigger the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines through TLR-4","volume":"9","author":"Goodall","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201700597R","article-title":"Heparanase regulates the M1 polarization of renal macrophages and their crosstalk with renal epithelial tubular cells after ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"32","author":"Masola","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage polarization: different gene signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. classically and M2(LPS-) vs. alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7837-3_12","article-title":"Polarizing macrophages in vitro","volume":"1784","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35237","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R114.619304","article-title":"Complexity of danger: the diverse nature of damage-associated molecular patterns","volume":"289","author":"Schaefer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0340461","article-title":"Interferon and heparan sulphate","volume":"34","author":"Lortat-Jacob","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13932","article-title":"Heparanase regulation of cancer, autophagy and inflammation: new mechanisms and targets for therapy","volume":"284","author":"Sanderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0304127","article-title":"Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors","volume":"76","author":"Tsan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01316","article-title":"Heparanase: a challenging cancer drug target","volume":"9","author":"Coombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2023.117335","article-title":"Discovery and development of small-molecule heparanase inhibitors","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem"},{"key":"2026092114520660100_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34521-1_19","article-title":"PI-88 and related heparan sulfate mimetics","volume":"1221","author":"Chhabra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"}],"container-title":["Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/75\/10\/1906\/889543\/db260365.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article-pdf\/75\/10\/1906\/889543\/db260365.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:52:19Z","timestamp":1790016739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/diabetes\/article\/75\/10\/1906\/172256\/Myeloid-Specific-Heparanase-Aggravates-Insulitis"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db26-0365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-1797","1939-327X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-1797","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-327X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]}}}