{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:50:52Z","timestamp":1792086652301,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/content\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000090","name":"Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HT9425-23-1-0244"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-23-1-0244"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ADA #1-17-ACE-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ADA #1-17-ACE-31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017618","name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK124461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK124461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017618","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>There is significant evidence that acute stress, a challenge to an organism\u2019s homeostasis, has dramatic effects on metabolic control. Acute stress impairs blood glucose control in people with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition, growing evidence suggests that metabolic responses to stress in people without diabetes may be a crucial determinant\u00a0of health. Acute dysregulation of blood glucose in the hospital setting, including both hyper- and hypoglycemia, predicts short- and long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with critical illnesses. Animal studies indicate that exposure to physiological and psychological stressors activates a highly conserved network of neural circuits that ultimately coordinate the functions of multiple organs to increase blood glucose. In this article, we provide an overview of the neural populations and circuits that increase blood glucose in response to acute stress, including our research funded by the American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes program, highlighting the impacts on clinical outcomes and opportunities for the development of therapies for diabetes. This article is part of a series of perspectives that report on research funded by the American Diabetes Association Pathway to Stop Diabetes program.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Article Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Internal and external stressors rapidly increase blood glucose, a highly conserved metabolic response. Multiple stress-modulated neural populations in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and forebrain contribute to regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system to elicit hyperglycemia. Exaggerated or diminished glucose responses to acute stress are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and poor health outcomes. A greater understanding of the neural circuitry contributing to stress hyperglycemia and how these circuits are disrupted has the potential to provide new approaches to improve glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi24-0051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T20:57:57Z","timestamp":1763499477000},"page":"5-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neural Regulation of Blood Glucose in Acute Stress: A Report on Research Supported by Pathway to Stop Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-2663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Stanley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY"},{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026061115274591500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2009.08.005","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia as part of the stress response: the underlying mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Van Cromphaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.8.1278","article-title":"Association between stress and glycemic control in adults with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Lloyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921","article-title":"Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes","volume":"36","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1526","article-title":"The impact of the stress hyperglycemia ratio on short-term and long-term poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: insight from a large cohort study in Asia","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-09-03855.2003","article-title":"Neural correlates of competing fear behaviors evoked by an innately aversive stimulus","volume":"23","author":"Mongeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9606-9","article-title":"Adrenal responses to stress","volume":"30","author":"Goldstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02331-7","article-title":"Acute stress responses of autonomous nervous system, HPA axis, and inflammatory system in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"13","author":"von Majewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0559","article-title":"Acute psychological stress results in the rapid development of insulin resistance","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.05.243","article-title":"Effects of increasing durations of immobilization stress on plasma corticosterone level, learning and memory and hippocampal BDNF gene expression in rats","volume":"500","author":"Nooshinfar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0117503","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117503","article-title":"Dynamics and correlation of serum cortisol and corticosterone under different physiological or stressful conditions in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026061115274591500_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x","article-title":"Stress, adaptation, and disease. 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