{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T22:23:36Z","timestamp":1788906216845,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.diabetesjournals.org\/journals\/pages\/license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023233","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Infections represent major but underrecognized complications of type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and prediabetes. This recent overview includes use of linked U.K. primary care, hospitalization, and mortality data to examine infection risk for &amp;gt;800,000 individuals with diabetes or prediabetes, compared with an age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched group without diabetes. We assessed 1) infections in primary care and requiring a prescription, 2) infections leading to hospitalization, and 3) infection-related mortality, over 5 years (2015\u20132019). Infection risks were consistently elevated across all forms of diabetes, compared with risk for those without diabetes. The highest relative risks were observed in T1D and lowest in prediabetes. While relative risks were similar across different ethnicities, the population burden of infections attributable to diabetes was highest among South Asians. There were independently strong graded associations for average HbA1c level and visit-to-visit HbA1c variability with infection risk, particularly for hospitalization infections. Among individuals with T1D, the strongest associations with infection risk were seen for elevated HbA1c levels, whereas for T2D, variability contributed more to the excess burden of infections. Infection-related mortality across all ICD-10 chapters was substantial, representing the third leading cause of death in T2D after cardiovascular disease and cancer. Further, it might be underreported, as sepsis is rarely coded as the underlying cause of death. These findings highlight the importance of improved glycemic control, earlier recognition and treatment of infections, and stronger emphasis on infection management in clinical guidelines. Incorporation of HbA1c variability into diabetes risk algorithms, and evaluation of interventions that might stabilize control, such as continuous glucose monitoring, may enhance infection prevention and reduce complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi26-0004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T21:31:39Z","timestamp":1780781499000},"page":"1381-1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Increased Risk of Infections in People Living With Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5248-4188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia 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St George\u2019s, University of London , London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek G.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Policy, School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St George\u2019s, University of London , London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tess","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Policy, School of Health and Medical Sciences, City St George\u2019s, University of London , London, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026082716470300100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00158-0","article-title":"Global burden associated with 85 pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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