{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:23:32Z","timestamp":1790357012483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes, but the pathogenesis is unknown. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate measures of insulin sensitivity, the metabolic syndrome, and sex hormones in patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and an age-matched control group.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AN METHODS\u2014In a cross-sectional study, we examined 71 patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome, of whom 35 received testosterone treatment, and 71 control subjects. Body composition was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for sex hormones, plasma glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and adipocytokines. We analyzed differences between patients with untreated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome and control subjects and subsequently analyzed differences between testosterone-treated and untreated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p>RESULTS\u2014Of the patients with Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome, 44% had metabolic syndrome (according to National Cholesterol Education Program\/Adult Treatment Panel III criteria) compared with 10% of control subjects. Insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostasis model assessment 2 modeling), androgen, and HDL cholesterol levels were significantly decreased, whereas total fat mass and LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, CRP, leptin, and fructosamine levels were significantly increased in untreated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome patients. In treated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome patients, LDL cholesterol and adiponectin were significantly decreased, whereas no difference in body composition was found in comparison with untreated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome patients. Multivariate analyses showed that truncal fat was the major determinant of metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was greatly increased, whereas insulin sensitivity was decreased in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome. Both correlated with truncal obesity. Hypogonadism in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome may cause an unfavorable change in body composition, primarily through increased truncal fat and decreased muscle mass. Testosterone treatment in Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome only partly corrected the unfavorable changes observed in untreated Klinefelter\u2019s syndrome, perhaps due to insufficient testosterone doses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,6,26]],"date-time":"2006-06-26T21:13:17Z","timestamp":1151356397000},"page":"1591-1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":271,"title":["The Metabolic Syndrome Is Frequent in Klinefelter\u2019s Syndrome and Is Associated With Abdominal Obesity and Hypogonadism"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Anders","family":"Bojesen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels H.","family":"Birkebaek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Fedder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility Clinic and Scientific Unit, Braedstrup Hospital, Braedstrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leif","family":"Mosekilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Laurberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Frystyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Flyvbjerg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens S.","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus H.","family":"Gravholt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department M, Endocrinology and Diabetes, and Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031219252237900_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH: Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. 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