{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:22:17Z","timestamp":1778696537455,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014 Despite the high rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among certain Pacific Islander and Asian ethnic groups in the U.S., little is known about the risk for adverse perinatal outcomes in these populations. We sought to examine ethnic differences in perinatal outcome among Asian and Pacific-Islander women with GDM.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014 A retrospective review of all women referred to the largest outpatient GDM program in the state of Hawai\u2018i from 1995 to 2005 was conducted. Patients of Native-Hawaiian\/Pacific-Islander, Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, and Caucasian ethnicity were included (n = 2,155). Treatment of all patients consisted of an outpatient education class, dietary management, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and insulin instruction (if indicated). Demographics, maternal and neonatal characteristics, and delivery information were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014 Neonates born to Native-Hawaiian\/Pacific-Islander mothers and Filipino mothers had 4 and 2 times the prevalence of macrosomia, respectively, compared with neonates born to Japanese, Chinese, and Caucasian mothers. These differences persisted after adjustment for other statistically significant maternal and fetal characteristics. Ethnic differences were not observed for other neonatal or maternal complications associated with GDM, with the exception of neonatal hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014 Significant ethnic differences in perinatal outcomes exist across Asian and Pacific-Islander women with GDM. This finding emphasizes the need to better understand ethnic-specific factors in GDM management and the importance of developing ethnic-tailored GDM interventions to address these disparities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,8,25]],"date-time":"2006-08-25T21:28:54Z","timestamp":1156541334000},"page":"2058-2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Ethnic Differences in Perinatal Outcome of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jana Kaida","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Keawe\u2018aimoku","family":"Kaholokula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Native Hawaiian Health, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai\u2018i, Honolulu, Hawai\u2018i;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Ratner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedStar Research Institute, Hyattsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marjorie","family":"Mau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Native Hawaiian Health, John A. 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