{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T20:52:55Z","timestamp":1771966375200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014There is some evidence that use of hormonal contraceptives, particularly the more androgenic formulations, can alter a woman's glucose tolerance. We examined the association between hormonal contraceptive use, categorized by the androgenicity of the progestin component, and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a nested case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014Case (n = 356) and control (n = 368) subjects were selected from a multiethnic cohort of 14,235 women who delivered a singleton live birth between 1 January 1996 and 30 June 1998, who were screened for GDM at 24\u201328 gestational weeks, and who were members of Kaiser Permanente for at least 5 years before pregnancy. GDM was defined using the National Diabetes Data Group plasma glucose cutoffs. Information concerning hormonal contraceptive use during the 5 years before pregnancy was obtained from medical charts and some pharmacy data.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014There was a suggestion that compared with no hormonal contraceptive use, use of a low-androgen hormonal contraceptive before pregnancy was associated with a slight reduction in risk of GDM (odds ratio 0.84 [95% CI 0.58\u20131.22]), whereas use of a high-androgen hormonal contraceptive was associated with a modest increase in GDM risk (1.43 [0.92\u20132.22]).<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014The effects of hormonal contraceptive use on GDM risk may vary by the androgenicity of the progestin component.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,27]],"date-time":"2007-04-27T17:29:23Z","timestamp":1177694963000},"page":"1062-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Androgenicity of Progestins in Hormonal Contraceptives and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Monique M.","family":"Hedderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, Oakland, California"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assiamira","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California, Oakland, California"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Center for Perinatal Studies, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria L.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noel S.","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Seattle, Washington"},{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031220154096100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchanan TA, Xiang AH: Gestational diabetes mellitus. 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