{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T23:47:38Z","timestamp":1784591258390,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":6,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014To characterize the pathophysiology of recombinant human insulin-induced lipoatrophy.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014We performed immunologic laboratory evaluation and skin testing for different insulin analogs and diluents in patients with type 1 diabetes and severe insulin-induced local lipoatrophy. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of areas of acute (7 days) and chronic insulin administration were examined. Topical sodium cromolyn was applied twice a day to atrophic areas and prophylactically to new sites of insulin administration.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014Subcutaneous adipose biopsies showed an elevated population of tryptase-positive, chymase-positive degranulated mast cells. Of five patients treated with topical sodium cromolyn, none had new lipoatrophic sites and four showed improvements in old lesions.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014Tryptase-positive\/chymase-postitive mast cells, known to be sensitive to sodium cromolyn, may contribute to the destructive immune process mediated in response to exogenous insulin. Mast cell stabilizing therapy with topical cromolyn may reverse early and prevent new lipoatrophic lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,28]],"date-time":"2008-02-28T03:30:20Z","timestamp":1204169420000},"page":"442-444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Human Insulin Analog\u2013Induced Lipoatrophy"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ximena","family":"Lopez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Castells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Woman\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyne","family":"Ricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa F.","family":"Velazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Woman\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Woman\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison B.","family":"Goldfine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Brigham and Woman\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031217494672100_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearce FL, Ali H, Barrett KE, Befus AD, Bienenstock J, Brostoff J, Ennis M, Flint KC, Hudspith B, Johnson NM, et al.: Functional characteristics of mucosal and connective tissue mast cells of man, the rat and other animals. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol\u200877:274\u2013276, 1985","DOI":"10.1159\/000233808"},{"key":"2022031217494672100_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orr TS, Hall DE, Gwilliam JM, Cox OS: The effect of disodium cromoglycate on the release of histamine and degranulation of rat mast cells induced by compound 48-80. Life Sci I\u200810:805\u2013812, 1971","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(71)90035-X"},{"key":"2022031217494672100_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimata H, Hiratsuka S: Effect of topical cromoglycate solution on atopic dermatitis: combined treatment of sodium cromoglycate solution with the oral anti-allergic medication, oxatomide. Eur J Pediatr\u2008153:66\u201371, 1994","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01959209"},{"key":"2022031217494672100_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimata H, Igarashi M: Topical cromolyn (disodium cromoglycate) solution in the treatment of young children with atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Allergy\u200820:281\u2013283, 1990","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.1990.tb02684.x"},{"key":"2022031217494672100_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore C, Ehlayel MS, Junprasert J, Sorensen RU: Topical sodium cromoglycate in the treatment of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol\u200881:452\u2013458, 1998","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63145-6"},{"key":"2022031217494672100_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stainer R, Matthews S, Arshad SH, McDonald S, Robinson J, Schapira C, Foote KD, Baird-Snell M, Gregory T, Pollock I, Stevens MT, Edwards AM: Efficacy and acceptability of a new topical skin lotion of sodium cromoglicate (Altoderm) in atopic dermatitis in children aged 2\u201312 years: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol\u2008152:334\u2013341, 2005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.06303.x"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/31\/3\/442\/598791\/zdc00308000442.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/31\/3\/442\/598791\/zdc00308000442.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1647110626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/31\/3\/442\/26035\/Human-Insulin-Analog-Induced-Lipoatrophy"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"references-count":6,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc07-1739","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}}}