{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:34:14Z","timestamp":1790058854949,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVE\u2014The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) increased among U.S. adults from 1988\u20131994 to 1999\u20132004. We sought to explore the importance of trends in risk factors for CKD over time<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS\u2014The prevalence of cigarette smoking, obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, and diabetes among U.S. adults with stage 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate &amp;lt;60 ml\/min per 1.73 m2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio \u226530 mg\/g), separately, were determined for 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132004 using data from serial National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The prevalence ratios (PRs) for stage 3 CKD and albuminuria by the presence of these risk factors were compared across survey periods.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>RESULTS\u2014The PR for CKD declined between 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132004 for obesity (PR 1.51 and 1.14 for 1988\u20131994 and 1999\u20132004, respectively; P for change = 0.010), hypertension (PR 2.60 and 1.70; P for change = 0.005), and high cholesterol (PR 1.58 and 1.20; P for change = 0.028). However, for diagnosed diabetes, the PR remained unchanged (1.64 and 1.62; P for change = 0.898). Similar results were observed for undiagnosed diabetes (PR of CKD 1.38 and 1.50; P for change = 0.373). The association of cigarette smoking was similar in each time period. Besides obesity, for which the association remained stable over time, similar patterns were observed for the PR of albuminuria.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>CONCLUSIONS\u2014In terms of CKD, improvements in hypertension and high cholesterol management have been offset by both diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. Further increases in CKD may occur if diabetes continues to increase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,7]],"date-time":"2008-06-07T00:49:14Z","timestamp":1212799754000},"page":"1337-1342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Trends in Diabetes, High Cholesterol, and Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease Among U.S. Adults: 1988\u20131994 to 1999\u20132004"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Muntner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mt. 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