{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:36:14Z","timestamp":1791275774050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Diabetes Association","issue":"Supplement_2","content-domain":{"domain":["diabetesjournals.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The current obesity epidemic is fuelled by the availability of highly palatable, calorie-dense food, and the low requirement for physical activity in our modern environment. If energy intake exceeds energy use, the excess calories are stored as body fat. Although the body has mechanisms that act to maintain body weight over time, they primarily defend against starvation and are less robust in preventing the development of obesity. Knowledge of this homeostatic system that controls body weight has increased exponentially over the last decade and has revealed new possibilities for the treatment of obesity and its associated comorbidities. One therapeutic target is the development of agents based on the gastrointestinal hormones that control appetite. This review discusses the hormones oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, pancreatic polypeptide, and ghrelin and their emerging potential as anti-obesity treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-s269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,28]],"date-time":"2008-01-28T22:26:40Z","timestamp":1201559200000},"page":"S284-S289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/ada-journal-policies","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Can Gut Hormones Control Appetite and Prevent Obesity?"],"prefix":"10.2337","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Owais B.","family":"Chaudhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Wynne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Bloom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Metabolic Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, U.K"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1167","reference":[{"key":"2022031216361978000_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allison DB, Saunders SE: Obesity in North America: an overview. Med Clin North Am\u200884:305\u2013332, 2000","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(05)70223-6"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999\u20132002. JAMA\u2008291:2847\u20132850, 2004","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.23.2847"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan LM: Pharmacological therapies for obesity. Gastroenterol Clin North Am\u200834:91\u2013104, 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2004.12.002"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thearle M, Aronne LJ: Obesity and pharmacologic therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am\u200832:1005\u20131024, 2003","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(03)00066-5"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA: Obesity. N Engl J Med\u2008346:591\u2013602, 2002","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra012586"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curioni C, Andre\u0301 C: Rimonabant for Overweight or Obesity. Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006162, DOI:10.1002\/14651858.CD006162.pub2. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006162"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley S, Wynne K, McGowan B, Bloom S: Hormonal regulation of food intake. Physiol Rev\u200885:1131\u20131158, 2005","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2004"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz GJ: Integrative capacity of the caudal brainstem in the control of food intake. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci\u2008361:1275\u20131280, 2006","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1862"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellacott KL, Cone RD: The role of the central melanocortin system in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis: lessons from mouse models. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci\u2008361:1265\u20131274, 2006","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2006.1861"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG: Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature\u2008404:661\u2013671, 2000","DOI":"10.1038\/35007534"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koda S, Date Y, Murakami N, Shimbara T, Hanada T, Toshinai K, Niiji A, Furuya M, Inomata N, Osuye K, Nakazato M: The role of the vagal nerve in peripheral PYY3\u201336-induced feeding reduction in rats. Endocrinology\u2008146:2369\u20132375, 2005","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1266"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbott CR, Monteiro M, Small CJ, Sajedi A, Smith KL, Parkinson JR, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: The inhibitory effects of peripheral administration of peptide YY(3-36) and glucagon-like peptide-1 on food intake are attenuated by ablation of the vagal-brainstem-hypothalamic pathway. Brain Res\u20081044:127\u2013131, 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.03.011"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Date Y, Murakami N, Toshinai K, Matsukura S, Niijima A, Matsuo H, Kangawa K, Nakazato M: The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology\u2008123:1120\u20131128, 2002","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.35954"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams DL, Grill HJ, Cummings DE, Kaplan JM: Vagotomy dissociates short- and long-term controls of circulating ghrelin. Endocrinology\u2008144:5184\u20135187, 2003","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1059"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roux CW, Neary NM, Halsey TJ, Small CJ, Martinez-Isla AM, Ghatei MA, Theodorou NA, Bloom SR: Ghrelin does not stimulate food intake in patients with surgical procedures involving vagotomy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200890:4521\u20134524, 2005","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-2537"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs J, Young RC, Smith GP: Cholecystokinin decreases food intake in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol\u200884:488\u2013495, 1973","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034870"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korner J, Bessler M, Cirilo LJ, Conwell IM, Daud A, Restuccia NL, Wardlaw SL: Effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma ghrelin, peptide YY, and insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200890:359\u2013365, 2005","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1076"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roux CW, Aylwin SJ, Batterham RL, Borg CM, Coyle F, Prasad V, Shurey S, Ghatei MA, Patel AG, Bloom SR: Gut hormone profiles following bariatric surgery favor an anorectic state, facilitate weight loss, and improve metabolic parameters. Ann Surg\u2008243:108\u2013114, 2006","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000183349.16877.84"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K: Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature\u2008402:656\u2013660, 1999","DOI":"10.1038\/45230"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wren AM, Small CJ, Abbott CR, Dhillo WS, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Batterham RL, Taheri S, Stanley SA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats. Diabetes\u200850:2540\u20132547, 2001","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.11.2540"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wren AM, Seal LJ, Cohen MA, Brynes AE, Frost GS, Murphy KG, Dhillo WS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200886:5992, 2001","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8111"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neary NM, Small CJ, Druce MR, Park AJ, Ellis SM, Semjonous NM, Dakin CL, Filipsson K, Wang F, Kent AS, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Peptide YY3-36 and glucagon-like peptide-17-36 inhibit food intake additively. Endocrinology\u2008146:5120\u20135127, 2005","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0237"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neary NM, Small CJ, Wren AM, Lee JL, Druce MR, Palmieri C, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Coombes RC, Bloom SR: Ghrelin increases energy intake in cancer patients with impaired appetite: acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200889:2832\u20132836, 2004","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031768"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaya N, Itoh T, Murakami S, Oya H, Uematsu M, Miyatake K, Kangawa K: Treatment of cachexia with ghrelin in patients with COPD. Chest\u2008128:1187\u20131193, 2005","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.128.3.1187"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagaya N, Moriya J, Yasumura Y, Uematsu M, Ono F, Shimizu W, Ueno K, Kitakaze M, Miyatake K, Kangawa K: Effects of ghrelin administration on left ventricular function, exercise capacity, and muscle wasting in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation\u2008110:3674\u20133679, 2004","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000149746.62908.BB"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wynne K, Giannitsopoulou K, Small CJ, Patterson M, Frost G, Ghatei MA, Brown EA, Bloom SR, Choi P: Subcutaneous ghrelin enhances acute food intake in malnourished patients who receive maintenance peritoneal dialysis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Soc Nephrol\u200816:2111\u20132118, 2005","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005010039"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck B, Richy S, Stricker-Krongrad A: Feeding response to ghrelin agonist and antagonist in lean and obese Zucker rats. Life Sci\u200876:473\u2013478, 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.09.001"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turton MD, O'Shea D, Gunn I, Beak SA, Edwards CM, Meeran K, Choi SJ, Taylor GM, Heath MM, Lambert PD, Wilding JP, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Herbert J, Bloom SR: A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding. Nature\u2008379:69\u201372, 1996","DOI":"10.1038\/379069a0"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ: Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterology\u2008127:546\u2013558, 2004","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.04.063"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdich C, Toubro S, Buemann B, Lysgard MJ, Juul HJ, Astrup A: The role of postprandial releases of insulin and incretin hormones in meal-induced satiety: effect of obesity and weight reduction. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord\u200825:1206\u20131214, 2001","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801655"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Holst JJ: Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet\u2008359:824\u2013830, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07952-7"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdich C, Flint A, Gutzwiller JP, Naslund E, Beglinger C, Hellstrom PM, Long SJ, Morgan LM, Holst JJ, Astrup A: A meta-analysis of the effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide on ad libitum energy intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200886:4382\u20134389, 2001","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7877"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Meier JJ: Glucagon-like peptide 1 and its derivatives in the treatment of diabetes. Regul Pept\u2008128:135\u2013148, 2005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.07.014"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, Zhang B, Mac SM, Poon TH, Taylor KL, Trautmann ME, Kim DD, Kendall DM: Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab\u20088:436\u2013447, 2006","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2006.00602.x"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fineman MS, Shen LZ, Taylor K, Kim DD, Baron AD: Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabete Metab Res Rev\u200820:411\u2013417, 2004","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.499"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, Zhuang D, Kim DD, Fineman MS, Baron AD: Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care\u200828:1083\u20131091, 2005","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1083"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Druce MR, Bloom SR: Oxyntomodulin: a novel potential treatment for obesity. Treat Endocrinol\u20085:265\u2013272, 2006","DOI":"10.2165\/00024677-200605050-00001"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakin CL, Gunn I, Small CJ, Edwards CM, Hay DL, Smith DM, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Oxyntomodulin inhibits food intake in the rat. Endocrinology\u2008142:4244\u20134250, 2001","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.10.8430"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakin CL, Small CJ, Park AJ, Seth A, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Repeated ICV administration of oxyntomodulin causes a greater reduction in body weight gain than in pair-fed rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab\u2008283:E1173\u2013E1177, 2002","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00233.2002"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakin CL, Small CJ, Batterham RL, Neary NM, Cohen MA, Patterson M, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Peripheral oxyntomodulin reduces food intake and body weight gain in rats. Endocrinology\u2008145:2687\u20132695, 2004","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1338"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200888:4696\u20134701, 2003","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030421"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Patterson M, Ellis SM, Murphy KG, Wren AM, Frost GS, Meeran K, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Subcutaneous oxyntomodulin reduces body weight in overweight and obese subjects: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes\u200854:2390\u20132395, 2005","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.8.2390"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wynne K, Park AJ, Small CJ, Meeran K, Ghatei MA, Frost GS, Bloom SR: Oxyntomodulin increases energy expenditure in addition to decreasing energy intake in overweight and obese humans: a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond)\u200830:1729\u20131736, 2006","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803344"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhri OB, Parkinson JR, Kuo YT, Druce MR, Herlihy AH, Bell JD, Dhillo WS, Stanley SA, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Differential hypothalamic neuronal activation following peripheral injection of GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin in mice detected by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Biochem Biophys Res Commun\u2008350:298\u2013306, 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.09.033"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schjoldager BT, Baldissera FG, Mortensen PE, Holst JJ, Christiansen J: Oxyntomodulin: a potential hormone from the distal gut: pharmacokinetics and effects on gastric acid and insulin secretion in man. Eur J Clin Invest\u200818:499\u2013503, 1988","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01046.x"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flint A, Raben A, Astrup A, Holst JJ: Glucagon-like peptide 1 promotes satiety and suppresses energy intake in humans. J Clin Invest\u2008101:515\u2013520, 1998","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI990"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flint A, Raben A, Ersboll AK, Holst JJ, Astrup A: The effect of physiological levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 on appetite, gastric emptying, energy and substrate metabolism in obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord\u200825:781\u2013792, 2001","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801627"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shalev A, Holst JJ, Keller U: Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36 amide) on whole-body protein metabolism in healthy man. Eur J Clin Invest\u200827:10\u201316, 1997","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.1997.540613.x"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkey BF, Li X, Bolognese L, Balkan B, Mone M, Russell M, Hughes TE, Wang PR: Acute and chronic effects of the incretin enhancer vildagliptin in insulin-resistant rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther\u2008315:688\u2013695, 2005","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.105.087064"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sudre B, Broqua P, White RB, Ashworth D, Evans DM, Haigh R, Junien JL, Aubert ML: Chronic inhibition of circulating dipeptidyl peptidase IV by FE 999011 delays the occurrence of diabetes in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes\u200851:1461\u20131469, 2002","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.5.1461"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pospisilik JA, Stafford SG, Demuth HU, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA: Long-term treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in the VDF Zucker rat: a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp study. Diabetes\u200851:2677\u20132683, 2002","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.9.2677"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reimer MK, Holst JJ, Ahren B: Long-term inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV improves glucose tolerance and preserves islet function in mice. Eur J Endocrinol\u2008146:717\u2013727, 2002","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460717"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green BD, Flatt PR, Bailey CJ: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitors: a newly emerging drug class for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res\u20083:159\u2013165, 2006","DOI":"10.3132\/dvdr.2006.024"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollander P, Maggs DG, Ruggles JA, Fineman M, Shen L, Kolterman OG, Weyer C: Effect of pramlintide on weight in overweight and obese insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients. Obes Res\u200812:661\u2013668, 2004","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.76"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boggiano MM, Chandler PC, Oswald KD, Rodgers RJ, Blundell JE, Ishii Y, Beattie AH, Holch P, Allison DB, Schindler M, Arndt K, Rudolf K, Mark M, Schoelch C, Joost HG, Klaus S, Thone-Reineke C, Benoit SC, Seeley RJ, Beck-Sickinger AG, Koglin N, Raun K, Madsen K, Wulff BS, Stidsen CE, Birringer M, Kreuzer OJ, Deng XY, Whitcomb DC, Halem H, Taylor J, Dong J, Datta R, Culler M, Ortmann S, Castaneda TR, Tschop M: PYY3\u201336 as an anti-obesity drug target. Obes Rev\u20086:307\u2013322, 2005","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00218.x"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Cowley MA, Small CJ, Herzog H, Cohen MA, Dakin CL, Wren AM, Brynes AE, Low MJ, Ghatei MA, Cone RD, Bloom SR: Gut hormone PYY(3-36) physiologically inhibits food intake. Nature\u2008418:650\u2013654, 2002","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00887"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelikani PK, Haver AC, Reidelberger RD: Intravenous infusion of peptide YY(3-36) potently inhibits food intake in rats. Endocrinology\u2008146:879\u2013888, 2005","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1138"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Withers DJ, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3-36. N Engl J Med\u2008349:941\u2013948, 2003","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030204"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pittner RA, Moore CX, Bhavsar SP, Gedulin BR, Smith PA, Jodka CM, Parkes DG, Paterniti JR, Srivastava VP, Young AA: Effects of PYY[3-36] in rodent models of diabetes and obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord\u200828:963\u2013971, 2004","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802696"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sileno AP, Brandt GC, Spann BM, Quay SC: Lower mean weight after 14 days intravenous administration peptide YY(3-36) (PYY(3-36)) in rabbits. Int J Obes (Lond)\u200830:68\u201372, 2006","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803067"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koegler FH, Enriori PJ, Billes SK, Takahashi DL, Martin MS, Clark RL, Evans AE, Grove KL, Cameron JL, Cowley MA: Peptide YY(3-36) inhibits morning, but not evening, food intake and decreases body weight in Rhesus macaques. Diabetes\u200854:3198\u20133204, 2005","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.11.3198"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Challis BG, Coll AP, Yeo GS, Pinnock SB, Dickson SL, Thresher RR, Dixon J, Zahn D, Rochford JJ, White A, Oliver RL, Millington G, Aparicio SA, Colledge WH, Russ AP, Carlton MB, O'Rahilly S: Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY(3-36). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A\u2008101:4695\u20134700, 2004","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0306931101"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degen L, Oesch S, Casanova M, Graf S, Ketterer S, Drewe J, Beglinger C: Effect of peptide YY3-36 on food intake in humans. Gastroenterology\u2008129:1430\u20131436, 2005","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.001"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halatchev IG, Ellacott KL, Fan W, Cone RD: Peptide YY3-36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism. Endocrinology\u2008145:2585\u20132590, 2004","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1754"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Aylwin SJ, Patterson M, Borg CM, Wynne KJ, Kent A, Vincent RP, Gardiner J, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Attenuated peptide YY release in obese subjects is associated with reduced satiety. Endocrinology\u2008147:3\u20138, 2006","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0972"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R66","unstructured":"Brandt G, Park A, Wynne K, Sileno A, Jazrawi R, Woods A, Quay S, Bloom S: Nasal peptide YY3-36: Phase 1 dose ranging and safety studies in healthy human subjects (Abstract). 86th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society (ENDO 2004), New Orleans, LA.\u20082004"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsuura G, Asakawa A, Inui A: Roles of pancreatic polypeptide in regulation of food intake. Peptides\u200823:323\u2013329, 2002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(01)00604-0"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassmann V, Vague P, Vialettes B, Simon MC: Low plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obesity. Diabetes\u200829:428\u2013430, 1980","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.29.6.428"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujimoto S, Inui A, Kiyota N, Seki W, Koide K, Takamiya S, Uemoto M, Nakajima Y, Baba S, Kasuga M: Increased cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide responses to a fat-rich meal in patients with restrictive but not bulimic anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry\u200841:1068\u20131070, 1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00044-9"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R70","unstructured":"Jorde R, Burhol PG: Fasting and postprandial plasma pancreatic polypeptide (PP) levels in obesity. Int J Obes\u20088:393\u2013397, 1984"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisen O, Bjorvell H, Cantor P, Johansson C, Theodorsson E: Plasma concentrations of regulatory peptides in obesity following modified sham feeding (MSF) and a liquid test meal. Regul Pept\u200839:43\u201354, 1992","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(92)90007-H"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McLaughlin CL, Baile CA: Obese mice and the satiety effects of cholecystokinin, bombesin and pancreatic polypeptide. Physiol Behav\u200826:433\u2013437, 1981","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(81)90171-2"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asakawa A, Inui A, Ueno N, Fujimiya M, Fujino MA, Kasuga M: Mouse pancreatic polypeptide modulates food intake, while not influencing anxiety in mice. Peptides\u200820:1445\u20131448, 1999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00155-2"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, Park AJ, Ellis SM, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR: Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200888:3989\u20133992, 2003","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030630"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zipf WB, O'Dorisio TM, Cataland S, Dixon K: Pancreatic polypeptide responses to protein meal challenges in obese but otherwise normal children and obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab\u200857:1074\u20131080, 1983","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-5-1074"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naslund E, King N, Mansten S, Adner N, Holst JJ, Gutniak M, Hellstrom PM: Prandial subcutaneous injections of glucagon-like peptide-1 cause weight loss in obese human subjects. Br J Nutr\u200891:439\u2013446, 2004","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20031064"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"des Rieux A, Fievez V, Garinot M, Schneider YJ, Preat V: Nanoparticles as potential oral delivery systems of proteins and vaccines: a mechanistic approach. J Control Release\u2008116:1\u201327, 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2006.08.013"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahato RI, Narang AS, Thoma L, Miller DD: Emerging trends in oral delivery of peptide and protein drugs. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst\u200820:153\u2013214, 2003","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v20.i23.30"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinzig KP, D'Alessio DA, Seeley RJ: The diverse roles of specific GLP-1 receptors in the control of food intake and the response to visceral illness. J Neurosci\u200822:10470\u201310476, 2002","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-23-10470.2002"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelikani PK, Haver AC, Reidelberger RD: Dose-dependent effects of peptide YY(3-36) on conditioned taste aversion in rats. Peptides\u200827:3193\u20133201, 2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.08.001"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vrang N, Madsen AN, Tang-Christensen M, Hansen G, Larsen PJ: PYY(3-36) reduces food intake and body weight and improves insulin sensitivity in rodent models of diet-induced obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol\u2008291:R367\u2013R375, 2006","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00726.2005"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogihara T, Matsuzaki M, Matsuoka H, Shimamoto K, Shimada K, Rakugi H, Umemoto S, Kamiya A, Suzuki N, Kumagai H, Ohashi Y, Takishita S, Abe K, Saruta T: The combination therapy of hypertension to prevent cardiovascular events (COPE) trial: rationale and design. Hypertens Res\u200828:331\u2013338, 2005","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.28.331"},{"key":"2022031216361978000_R83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlad I: Obesity costs UK economy 2bn pounds sterling a year. BMJ\u2008327:1308, 2003","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7427.1308-d"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/31\/Supplement_2\/S284\/469553\/zdc1020800s284.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article-pdf\/31\/Supplement_2\/S284\/469553\/zdc1020800s284.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T17:09:24Z","timestamp":1647104964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/diabetesjournals.org\/care\/article\/31\/Supplement_2\/S284\/24849\/Can-Gut-Hormones-Control-Appetite-and-Prevent"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc08-s269","relation":{},"ISSN":["0149-5992","1935-5548"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0149-5992","type":"print"},{"value":"1935-5548","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}}}